A programme of study was undertaken to assess the effect of pretreating raw soya bean and processed full fat soyabean meals with protease enzymes prior to use in liquid feed for grower and finisher pigs. A series of laboratory studies was undertaken to examine the efficacy of three microbial proteases (P2, P3 and P4) in partially hydrolysing soya protein and in reducing the levels of trypsin inhibitors in raw soyabean. Pretreatment consisted of steeping ground soyabean for 24 h at 20° C in the absence (control) or presence of 20 000 units gˉ¹ N of P2, P3 or P4. Pretreating raw soyabean (RSB) with P2, P3 and P4 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced trypsin inhibitor levels from 28.53 to 19.98, 17.17 and 18.35 (s.e.m.1.14) mg trypsin inhibited gˉ¹ soya respectively. Pretreating RSB, micronized (MIC) or autoclaved (AUT) soyabean meal with P2, P3 or P4 resulted in increases in soluble a.-amino nitrogen of 5.22, 7.08, and 6.58 (RSB), 5.11, 5.57 and 4.32 (MIC) and 3.56, 7.03 and 6.18 (s.e.d. 0.06) mg gˉ¹ soya respectively and in vitro digestibility of nitrogen of 7.6 %, 9.9 %and 6.4 % (RSB), 4.9 %, 8.3 % and 2.8 % (MIC) and 11 %, 8 % and 12.2 % (AUT) respectively compared with the appropriate controls. Feeding trials were conducted in which pretreated soya was added to a basal cereal diet. Pretreatment of RSB with P4 resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in ADG of 0.08 kg pigˉ¹ dˉ¹ (s.e.d. 0.04) in grower pigs (33.5 ± 4 kg) over the 6 week duration of the trial but had no significant effect on FCR. Pretreatment of AUT with P4 did not significantly improve performance. In a feeding trial with grower/finisher pigs pretreatment of RSB with P3 resulted in significant (P < 0.05) improvements of 0.10 (s.e.d. 0.04) kg pigˉ¹ dˉ¹ in ADG and 0.476 (s.e.d. 0.19) in FCR. Pretreatment of MIC with P3 resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of 4 d (s.e.d. 1. 7) in the time taken for pigs to attain slaughter weight.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA15MA157.pdf: 1155090 bytes, checksum: bd56c05b1c7d8bcb37be344ad2a5b447 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-19 / The liquid feeding, wich is not very widespread in Brazil, but well used in North America and Europe has been a good alternative to diminish costs in swine feeding improving performance, intestinal health and welfare also contributing for the destination of liquid co-products of human feed. The aim of this work was to evaluate the zootechnical performance (final weight, daily average weight gain, feed conversion, total feed intake) and morphometry of intestinal villi (intestinal villi height, depth of intestinal crypt and crypt:villi relation of duodenum and jejunum) of piglets in the first week after weaning fed with liquid diets of different levels of water inclusion towards a dry diet. An experiment was conducted on a commercial farm during seven days, with six treatments and four repetitions: bran dry food provided in the trough and available water in the watering trough (control); control diet moistened with water in the relation 1:1 and free access to water (diet 1:1 plus water); control diet with water inclusion in the relation 1:2 (feed:water) and access to water (diet 1:2 plus water); control diet with water inclusion in the relation 1:3 (feed:water) and free acess to water (diet 1:3 plus water); control diet with water inclusion in the relation 1:2 (feed:water) with no access to water (diet 1:2 without water); control diet with water inclusion in the relation 1:3 (feed:water) with no access to water (diet 1:2 without water). 48 piglets newly weaned (with 25 days of age) were used, weighting 7 kg approximately (± 0,250), housed in 24 stalls of 1m². The diets and the water (when expected in the treatment) were provided loosely in specific recipients. At the end of the experiment, 24 piglets were euthanized (one for repetition) for collecting jejunum and duodenum for morphometric villi analysis. The diet 1:2 with free access to watering trough presented the highest (P<0,05) final weight average weight gain per day and feed intake relating to dry feed, however, there was no difference (P>0,05) in feed conversion of both diets. The diets 1:2 and 1:3 with free access to watering trough presented less depth of intestinal crypt and higher relation crypt:villi front dry feed. Liquid diets with relation 1:2 and 1:3 (feed:water) with free access to watering trough increased the performance of the piglets in pos weaning phase relating to traditional dry food. Liquid diets with relation 1:2 and 1:3 with no access to water maintained the performance of piglets in pos weaning phase relating to traditional dry food. Liquid diet with relation 1:2 (feed:water) with free access to watering trough improves intestinal villi height and the relation villi:crypt of duodenum relating to traditional dry food in the first week after weaning. Liquid diets with and without access to water in watering trough did not modify jejunum villi height relating to dry food in the first week after weaning, however, the crypt depth decreased. The relation villi:crypt on jejunum portion improved with the diets 1:2 and 1:3 with water access relating to traditional dry food. Key-words: Liquid feed. Swine. Piglets. Animal nutrition / A alimentação líquida, pouco difundida no Brasil mas bastante utilizada na América do Norte e Europa, tem se mostrado uma alternativa para baixar custos na alimentação dos suínos, melhorando a performance, saúde intestinal e bem estar, além de contribuir com a destinação de co-produtos líquidos da alimentação humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico (peso final, ganho de peso médio diário, conversão alimentar, consumo de ração acumulado) e a morfometria das vilosidades intestinais (altura das vilosidades, profundidade de cripta intestinal e relação vilosidade:cripta do duodeno e jejuno) de leitões na primeira semana após o desmame alimentados com dietas líquidas com diferentes níveis de inclusão de água frente a dieta seca. Foi conduzido um experimento em uma granja comercial durante 7 dias, com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições, sendo: ração farelada seca fornecida no comedouro e água disponível em bebedouro (controle); dieta controle umedecida com água na proporção de 1:1 (ração:água) e acesso à água (dieta 1:1+água); dieta controle umedecida com água na proporção de 1:2 (ração:água) e acesso à água (dieta 1:2+água); dieta controle umedecida com água na proporção de 1:3 (ração:água) e acesso à água (dieta 1:3+água); dieta controle umedecida com água na proporção de 1:2 (ração:água) sem acesso à água (dieta 1:2 sem água); dieta controle umedecida com água na proporção de 1:3 (ração:água) sem acesso à água (dieta 1:3 sem água). Foram utilizadas 48 leitoas desmamadas aos 25 dias de idade, com aproximadamente 7 kg (± 0,250), alojados em 24 baias de 1 m2. As dietas e a água (quando prevista no tratamento) foram fornecidas à vontade em recipientes específicos. Ao fim do experimento foram sacrificadas 24 leitoas (1 por repetição) para coleta de duodeno e jejuno e análises morfométricas das vilosidades. A dieta 1:2 com acesso à água apresentou o maior (P<0,05) peso final, ganho de peso médio diário e consumo de ração acumulado em relação à dieta seca, entretanto, não ocorreu diferença (P>0,05) na conversão alimentar entre as dietas. As dietas 1:2 e 1:3 com acesso à agua apresentaram menor (P<0,05) profundidade de cripta intestinal e maior (P<0,05) relação vilosidade:cripta frente a dieta seca. Dietas líquidas com relação de 1:2 e 1:3 (ração:água) com acesso a água melhoram o desempenho de leitões na fase pós desmame em relação a dieta seca tradicional. Dietas líquidas com relação 1:2 e 1:3 sem acesso à água mantém o desempenho de leitões na fase pós desmame em relação a dieta seca tradicional. Dieta líquida com relação de 1:2 (ração:água) com acesso a água melhora a altura das vilosidades intestinais e relação vilosidade/cripta do duodeno em relação a dieta seca na primeira semana após o desmame. Dietas líquidas com e sem água não alteram a altura de das vilosidades intestinais do jejuno em relação a dieta seca na primeira semana após o desmame, no entanto a profundidade de cripta diminui. A relação vilosidade:cripta na porção do jejuno melhora com as dietas 1:2 e 1:3 com acesso à água em relação a dieta seca tradicional