This dissertation delves into the theory, design and fabrication, and practical uses of synthetic trees that replicate the transpiration mechanisms of natural trees. The first chapter provides an in-depth explanation of how natural trees utilize hydraulic mechanisms to draw water from the soil, through their roots, and up to their leaves, sustaining hydration through transpiration. This process is reliant on the difference in relative humidity between the leaf and the ambient to promote evaporation, and synthetic trees replicate this cycle by integrating reservoirs and conduits with wetted nanopores, mimicking the negative Laplace pressure seen in natural trees. Chapter 2 presents a detailed theoretical framework for transpiration in synthetic trees. These trees feature a vertical array of tubes connected to a nanoporous synthetic leaf. Our model considers the impact of convective gas flow on the leaf, minimizing the diffusive boundary layer and directly influencing the leaf's negative Laplace pressure. We next analyze how the rate of evaporation and tree morphology affect the required Laplace pressure for mass conservation, in an ambient environment with an appreciable diffusive boundary layer. Our model considers the changing dynamics of the menisci, including their capability to adjust their contact angle and withdraw into nanopores to self-stabilize. We then determine conditions where transpiration is limited by evaporation or constrained by the leaf's maximum Laplace pressure, across various tree geometries and ambient conditions. In Chapter 3, the focus shifts to a practical application, as the insights from the previous chapters guide the creation of a synthetic tree for water harvesting. Solar steam generation employing a porous evaporator, with a 3D design extending beyond the free surface to mitigate heat losses, is used to demonstrate how transpiration, rather than capillarity, can raise water up glass tubes, and improve liquid transport heights over conventional methods. Chapter 4 expands on the synthetic tree concept, proposing a mobile desalination water container driven by transpiration. The container features a ring-shaped fin designed to absorb solar heat, increasing water evaporation from a nanoporous synthetic leaf. This approach combines reverse osmosis and thermal evaporation, offering a promising solution for obtaining fresh water from seawater. In Chapter 5, the study explores transpiration-powered oil-water filtration using synthetic trees. Our approach showcases the potential for natural separation of oil and water in various applications, without the need for a pump and in opposition to gravity. Chapter 6 modifies the synthetic tree design to selectively absorb and retain oil from oil-water emulsions. When water evaporates from the synthetic leaf, enabled by the generated negative suction within, oil is then drawn and contained within the system through oleophilic and hydrophobic membranes. This approach offers a sustainable method for oil spill clean-up, oil extraction and purification. Chapter 7 experimentally investigates how to eliminate the capillary driving force in synthetic trees. By over-filling the synthetic leaf's top surface to remove existing concave menisci, the study hypothesizes gravity as a replacement mechanism for negative pressure, with the water in hydrostatic columns held in tension by the overlying water supported within the porous leaf. In summary, these engineered hydraulic systems offer novel approaches to water harvesting, desalination, oil-water filtration, and the cleanup of oil spills, and the study of synthetic trees opens up a realm of possibilities for sustainable water management and environmental remediation, showcasing the potential of biomimicry in solving pressing global challenges. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation explores the concept of synthetic trees designed to mimic the transpiration cycle of natural trees for various applications. The first chapter provides a detailed explanation on how this is achieved. The second chapter introduces the theoretical model, highlighting the interplay between suction pressure, spontaneous flow, and tree geometry in surface tension powered water flow. In Chapter 3, the findings inform the design of a synthetic tree for water harvesting through solar steam generation. Overcoming constraints of floating evaporators, this tree demonstrates enhanced water condensation compared to traditional reservoirs, and the use of transpiration in the tubes allow for greater height flexibility. Chapter 4 presents a theoretical design for a portable desalinating water bottle powered by transpiration. Inspired by mangrove trees, the bottle utilizes solar heat absorption, a nanoporous synthetic leaf, and reverse osmosis to spontaneously enable desalination. The hybrid approach enhances thermal evaporation and pre-filters salt, potentially producing a daily extraction of one liter of fresh water from seawater. Chapter 5 explores oil-water filtration using surface tension power in synthetic trees. Operating without pumps and against gravity, this spontaneous phase separation demonstrates potential applications in oil spill cleanup, wastewater purification, and oil extraction. In Chapter 6, the synthetic tree is further modified to selectively take up and contain only oil from an oil-water emulsion. Driven by the surface tension mechanism, oil enters the tree through oil loving and water membranes, yielding high-purity oil samples, and offering innovative solutions for various environmental and industrial challenges. Chapter 7 investigates how to stop capillary forces in synthetic trees. When water evaporates from the leaves, it creates suction, pulling water from the soil through the xylem to keep the tree hydrated. We filled the top of the synthetic leaf to remove the curved surfaces that cause capillary tension. Surprisingly, water in the vertical tubes still held against gravity. This led us to consider a new idea: gravity might be replacing surface tension, with columns of water in the tree held in tension by the water above them in the leaf. Overall, this research on synthetic trees suggests exciting new ways to address environmental issues and manage water resources sustainably, underlying the power of nature-inspired solutions.

Ce travail s'intéresse a` l'identification des mécanismes physiques en jeu lors de la déshydratation assistée thermiquement. Une cellule de filtration/compression a été instrumentée avec des capteurs de pression liquide. Ces mesures permettent de suivre la formation du gâteau de filtration, sa consolidation puis les évolutions thermomécaniques induites par l’apport de chaleur. Sous l'effet du chauffage, elles montrent l'apparition d’un gradient de pression liquide, qui induit un écoulement additionnel. Un modèle mathématique est ensuite proposé. Des caractérisations en cellule de compression/perméabilité sont utilisées pour de´terminer les lois d'évolution des propriétés du milieu poreux. Le modèle permet de retrouver les évolutions des grandeurs macroscopiques et locales mais pas les cinétiques. Ceci a été attribué au modèle de déformation du milieu poreux choisi. / In the scope of thermally assisted mechanical dewatering process, this work focuses on the identification of physical mechanisms involved in the thermally assisted mechanical dewatering. Operating conditions ensure that the water is expelled in liquid phase. An experimental study on talc and cellulose saturated suspensions highlights the gains in terms of final dry solid contend involved by the thermal intensification. The filtrationcompression test cell is instrumented with pore liquid sensors along the cake thickness that allows to measures the pressure of the interstitial liquid phase. Obtained data highlight an increase of the liquid pressure in the heated side of the cake during thermally assisted mechanical dewatering. Indeed, as the temperature increases the water density decrease. As the cake consolidation restricts the flow a liquid pressure gradient reappears inside the cake. As the temperatures on the filter side of the cake increase, the thermally induced liquid pressure gradient vanishes with an additional filtrate outflow. In order to measure the porous media properties a compression-permeability cell has been build. This apparatus allows permeability measurement to be conducted for different temperature and loading on the porous media. A physical model including the thermal pressurization has been implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics in order to simulate the process. The model confirms the thermal pressurization occurring during thermally assisted mechanical dewatering, but because of deviation in the calculated mechanical behavior and temperature of the porous media, the model can’t depict the experimental additional filtrate outflow.