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[Truncated abstract] In this thesis I investigated the ingestive and digestive morphology and digestive physiology during development of phyllosomata of the ornate spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus. This knowledge was applied to develop a suitable formulated diet to be fed in combination with Artemia or used as a supplement to reduce production costs. The major impediment to closure of the life cycle of spiny lobsters has been an inadequate dietary regime, stemming from a lack of information on their feeding biology and ingestive and digestive capabilities. Of all spiny lobster species, P. ornatus is the best candidate for aquaculture in Australia having the shortest larval development phase (46 months) and fast growth rate, attaining 1 kg within 2 years of hatch. Currently, Artemia and fresh feeds such as mussel are used routinely as hatchery feeds. However, the development of a formulated diet that is palatable and delivers the correct balance of nutrients is seen as a highly attractive and cost effective alternative. An appropriate formulated diet for aquaculture of phyllosomata of spiny lobsters can be developed more effectively when the ingestive and digestive morphology, physiology and feeding behaviour are fully understood. ... Partial replacement trials revealed that P. ornatus phyllosoma are stimulated to feed by visual cues. Furthermore, 75% of the entire Artemia ration can be replaced with a formulated diet without having any adverse effects on survival and growth of early-stage phyllosomata. Weaning P. ornatus phyllosomata onto 100% formulated diet during stages II-III resulted in reduced survival but demonstrated that diets containing 44-50% crude protein with a diverse range of marine protein sources provides optimum survival and growth. This thesis has identified both physical and nutritional components that will contribute to the successful development of formulated diets for aquaculture of this species. Ultimately, although formulated diets are ingested and provide more than adequate survival when fed in combination with Artemia during early ontogeny, greater success and the possibility of totally replacing Artemia may occur after day 32 (stage IV) due to an increased efficiency to capture and manipulate larger sized particles externally and a greater capacity to triturate prey and sort and filter particles internally. Furthermore, a general increase in specific activity of digestive enzymes at stage IV suggests the possibility of a greater capacity to digest and assimilate nutrients.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Ichthyology & Fisheries Science)) - Rhodes University, 2009.

Orientador: Gustavo Augusto Schmidt de Melo / Banca: Cristiana Silveira Serejo / Banca: Valter José Cobo / Banca: Paulo Ricardo Nucci / Banca: Ana Luiza Brossi Garcia / Resumo: O presente estudo aborda aspectos sistemáticos e biogeográficos das lagostas pertencentes as infraordens Achelata Scholtz & Richter, 1995 e Polychelida De Haan, 1841 que ocorrem no Oceano Atlântico. Constituindo um relevante recurso ecológico, comercial e científico, são encontradas em uma grande variedade de habitats e profundidades desde a região intertidal até a região abissal, ultrapassando os 5000m. De acordo com os dados obtidos através da literatura e da análise de exemplares provenientes de coleções carcinológicas nacionais e internacionais a fauna de lagostas (Achelata e Polychelida) do Oceano Atlântico é composta por 50 espécies, distribuídas em 3 famílias, 3 subfamílias e 18 gêneros. Para os táxons são fornecidas diagnoses e chaves de identificação, sendo que o tratamento formal de cada espécie inclui sinonímia, tipo(s), localidade-tipo, descrição, tamanho, coloração, hábitat, distribuição geográfica, observações, mapa de distribuição e ilustrações. O estudo biogeográfico realizado caracteriza e discute os padrões distribucionais encontrados, juntamente, com os fatores abióticos que influenciam na distribuição das espécies. São ainda analisados os graus de valência ecológica das espécies em relação aos tipos de substratos ocupados e gradientes batimétricos / Abstract: This study addresses aspects of the systematics and biogeography of lobsters belonging to the infraorders Achelata Scholtz & Richter, 1995 and Polychelida De Haan, 1841 that occur in the Atlantic Ocean. Constituting an important ecological, commercial, and scientific resource, these lobsters are found in a wide variety of habitats and depths from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone below 5000 m. According to published information and the analysis of specimens from carcinological collections within and outside Brazil, the lobster fauna (Achelata and Polychelida) in the Atlantic Ocean is composed of 50 species, belonging to 3 families, 3 subfamilies, and 18 genera. For the taxa, diagnoses and identification keys are provided. The formal treatment of each species includes the synonymy, type(s), type-locality, description, size, coloration, habitat, geographical distribution, notes, distribution map, and illustrations. The biogeographical study conducted characterizes and discusses the distributional patterns, along with the abiotic factors that influence the distributions of the species. The degrees of ecological valence of the species in relation to the types of substrates occupied and the bathymetric gradients are also analyzed / Doutor

This study is aimed to provide an understanding of the spiny lobster fishery of the south coast of Sri Lanka. Most of the spiny lobster fisheries of the world are subjected to heavy exploitation due to the increasing demand. The use of hazardous fishing methods however is known to cause serious problems in the developing countries, including Sri Lanka where considerable percentage of berried females and under sized lobsters are caught each year. The fishery for spiny lobster in the coastal waters of the south coast is carried out by non-mechanized out-rigger small canoes with trammel nets, bottom set gill nets and lobster rings. Around 200mt of lobsters is caught each year in the study area by a fishing fleet of 315 crafts. Around 80% of the lobster production consisted of Panulirus homarus. Lobsters were found to occur all year round, but the fishery is restricted to the non-monsoon period (August-March) due to operational difficulties. The analysis of catch and effort statistics indicated a maximum sustainable yield of 190-200 mt and an optimal daily effort of 300 crafts. The length-based analysis indicated that the resource is over exploited and a reduction in effort by about 20.5% is necessary to put the fishery back to an equilibrium level. Experimental fishing tests revealed that the lobster rings cause the least damage to the population, while the trammel net was the most harmful by including 77% of sub-legal lobsters in catches. This study indicated the possibility of having two spawning and recruitment pulses separated by an interval of 4-5 months. Fecundity estimates ranged between 116,000 - 601,000. Nearly two-third of the total egg production was contributed by lobsters of 60-79mm carapace length range. The fishery is reproductively supported by 3-4 year lobsters. This resource in the study area appears to be overfished with respect to its reproductive potential. The use of trammel nets and free access to the fishery are the two main points which should be carefully controlled. The fishery should be managed by using less harmful fishing gear (eg. lobster rings) and by introducing a proper licensing system to control fishermen entering into the fishery.

published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. Robert H. Reeves, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Biological Science. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 23, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (PhD--Marine Science)--University of Auckland, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Ichthyology & Fisheries Science))--Rhodes University, 2005.

A spiny (Palinuridae), slipper (Scyllaridae) and coral (Synaxidae) lobster larval composition and distribution study on the western edge of the Florida Current is presented. From the samples collected during 2007, phyllosoma larvae of Justitia longimanus, Panulirus argus, Parribacus spp., S. americanus, S. depressus and P. gundlachi were positively identified. Relative density catches of the phyllosoma larvae indicate that P. argus (Florida spiny lobster) is the most abundant species in the Straits of Florida. Data gathered during the study shows that P. argus larvae at different developmental stages occur throughout the year which supports the theory of multiple spawning and/or multiple sources. Larvae of genus Panulirus are difficult to distinguish from plankton samples and hence were identified as of P. argus since it is the most common species in the area. Family Palinuridae and Scyllaridae larval density spikes in July and May, coincide with their spawning peak periods of late March – early May and late January to late March respectively. Members of family Palinuridae showed higher densities at night, whereas those of family Scyllaridae showed higher densities during day catches. Larvae of all species showed close association between total length and developmental stage at earlier age. Variability in size and morphology within stage increases with older stages due to multiple molts and/or smaller sample size.