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The aim of this thesis is to undertake a comprehensive dendroarchaeological-contextual investigation of 35 sites (44 log structures) in Jasper, Banff, and Kootenay National Parks. Through tree-ring analysis and investigations of relevant documents (i.e., archives and interviews), three main objectives are met: 1) an architectural inventory and tree-ring analysis of sampled structures in the three parks; 2) an exploration of remote construction activity in the three parks, in terms of functional, temporal, and spatial distributions, and tree species selection; and 3) a detailed dendroarchaeological-contextual investigation of three structure case studies. The results provide new insights into remote construction activity from the late-nineteenth to early-twentieth century in the three parks. It assists Parks Canada in their attempt to interpret the cultural heritage resources of this area and contributes to the international need to document and explore vernacular architecture.

Ce mémoire traite d'une méthode bayésienne, analysée par Marchand et Strawderman (2013), pour la construction d'intervalles bayésiens pour des modèles de densités continues avec contrainte sur l'espace des paramètres Θ. Notamment, on obtiendra une classe d'intervalles bayésiens Iπ0,α(.), associés à la troncature d'une loi a priori non informative π0 et générés par une fonction de distribution α(.), avec une probabilité de recouvrement bornée inférieurement par 1-α/1+α. Cette classe inclut la procédure HPD donnée par Marchand et Strawderman (2006) dans le cas où la densité sous-jacente d'un pivot est symétrique. Plusieurs exemples y illustrent la théorie étudiée. Finalement, on présentera de nouveaux résultats pour la probabilité de recouvrement des intervalles bayésiens appartenant à la classe étudiée pour des densités log-concaves. Ces résultats établissent la borne inférieure à 1- 3α/2 et généralisent les résultats de Marchand et al.(2008) tenant sous une hypothèse de symétrie.

Shortage of timber input for processing industries is the main issue facing the Malaysian forest sector. The need to implement policies which will ease the pressure on timber shortage and induce the expansion of forest sector industry, development of rubberwood sector in Malaysia is becoming increasingly urgent. The Malaysian government has announced and implemented three main policies: timber market restriction, encourage utilisation of rubberwood and promotion of lesser-known timber species (LKS). Application of timber market restriction policies has a considerable dispute; firstly because of widespread disagreement over the effect on efficiency of utilisation of timber that lead to timber harvest and deforestation and secondly it will undermine the government effort to promote utilisation of rubberwood and lesser known species. In this thesis, an attempt has been made to enlarge the available empirical knowledge of such effect through a. multi-sectoral forest - rubberwood sector model simulation. An analytical framework is developed, focusing on three major product of the forest sector; log, sawnWood and plywood, and two major products of rubberwood sector; rubberwood log and sawn rubberwood. The framework is used to developed an empirical model of forest-rubberwood and analysed the effect of market restriction policy on forest harvest behaviour, sawnwood and plywood development, rubberwood sector development and change in forest cover. The production, consumption and export of timber, sawnwood, plywood, rubberwood and sawn rubberwood, and change in forest cover have been examined in relation to a number of market policies: export taxes, export ban and import ban, and other alternative policies; royalty, exchange rate, wood utilisation efficiency and subsidies. A series of simulations was undertaken to describe the effect of these policies. The analysis suggests that export restriction on processed timber product will reduced the timber harvest and improved the forest cover but will hinder or distort the development of rubberwood sector and utilisation of less timber species. Related to the deforestation, the notion of environmental Kuznets curve is also examined. The results does not support the existence of this notion for Malaysia. In addition to sectoral analysis, an extended analysis using species harvest was undertaken, as a new approach to investigate efficiency of utilisation of wood resource and forest cover. The results show that promotion of species utilisation will not be achieved with the implementation of market restriction policy on forest products. Species analysis also indicate that in the absence of full data on the quantity of forest harvest, species harvest data would be a good alternative to estimate the effect of policies on forest cover.

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Objetivo. Uma coorte de crianças foi observada sob duas abordagens: coorte prospectiva e coorte retrospectiva (histórica) e o objetivo foi comparar as estimativas da função de riscos do modelo de Cox entre as duas abordagens e a mesma comparação com o modelo complemento log-log. Além disso, comparar as estimativas da função de riscos pelos modelos de Cox e complemento log-log para cada uma das abordagens, separadamente. Métodos. Quando se estuda o tempo de sobrevida da amamentação sem as covariáveis, foram obtidas as estimativas pela técnica atuarial e modelo complemento log-log da informação retrospectiva e a técnica de Kaplan-Meier para a informação prospectiva. Os modelos de Cox e complemento log-log foram utilizados para estimar a razão de riscos (HR) com covariáveis para as duas abordagens. Resultados. Sem as covariáveis, a comparação entre as duas abordagens mostrou que as estimativas de S(t) pela informação retrospectiva estão um pouco defasadas em relação à medida prospectiva. Com as covariáveis, os resultados dos modelos de Cox e complemento log-log são semelhantes tanto para os dados prospectivos quanto para os retrospectivos. Foram semelhantes, também, os resultados de um mesmo modelo para cada uma das fontes de informação. Conclusões. Em geral, as estimativas foram bastante próximas em quaisquer das comparações. Somente a variável hábito de fumar da mãe durante a gravidez permaneceu nos modelos finais para todas as técnicas utilizadas, com estimativas próximas, reforçando semelhança entre as várias abordagens. / Objective. A cohort of children was observed under two approaches: prospective cohort and retrospective (historical) cohort and the objective was to compare the estimates of the hazard ratio from Cox model between the two approaches and do the same comparison using the complementary log-log model. Moreover, to compare the estimates of the hazard ratio from the two models to each one of the approaches, separately. Methods. When the survival time for breastfeeding is studied without the covariates, the comparison between the results of actuarial technique and the complementary log-log model has been made for the recorded information. The Kaplan-Meier technique has been used with the daily notebook measures. The Cox and complementary log-log models can estimate the risk rate of covariates categories to both approaches. Results. Without the covariates, the comparison between the two information resources showed that retrospective measures give lower estimates than that from the prospective measures. With covariates, the estimates are not so different and led to the same results. Conclusions. The estimates of each one of the comparisons were too close. Just the variable mothers smoking during the pregnancy stayed in the final models for every techniques used, with close estimates, reinforcing likeness between the several approaches.

Zugl.: Duisburg, Essen, Universiẗat, Masterarbeit, 2007.

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The Internet and web service have become the most popular platform and application of the Client-Server model due to the universality of the network recently years. Its growth is beyond the imagination, many traditional service have changed into web service stage by stage, and the load of the servers become more and more heavy. In the situation the server architecture must be adapted oppositely. The web cluster architecture that has the advantages of scalability, reliability and high performance requirement, is used extensively. In our lab developed and implemented a mechanism termed Content-aware Distributor, which is a software module for kernel-level extension, to effectively support content-based routing. Based on the achievement of the software-based Content-aware Distributor; we design and implementation a content management system for backend servers. The content management system provides a user friendly management console to allow a administrator to manage the whole cluster system. The content management system also monitors backend servers periodically, when server is awarded to be overloaded, the content management system will replicate popular content to other servers automatically. By this way cluster system can balance load of back end servers and increase system performance and throughput.

Comparison of two or more failure time distributions based on interval-censored data is tested by extension of log-rank test proposed by Sun (1996, 2001, 2004). Furthermore, Chang (2004) verified that the proposed test statistics are approximately chi-cquare with degrees of freedom p-1 after constants factor adjustment which can be obtained from simulations. In this paper we approach in a different way to estimate the adjustment factor of a given interval-censored data by applying the bootstrap technique to the test statistics. Simulation results indicate that the bootstrap technique performs well on those test statistics except the one proposed in 1996. By using chi-square goodness of fit test, we found that Sun's test in 1996 is significantly far from any chi-square.