Anglo-Catholicism was the major occasion of strife within the Church of England, 1880-1914. Between 1898 and 1904 Protestant agitators made their last serious attempt to invent laws to put down ritualism. This thesis describes that church crisis, as London Anglo- Catholics experienced it. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which the authorities tried to establish control over ritualists, and to the different reactions to the crisis within the Catholic party. Anglo-Catholic ecclesiology was not so much a dogmatic package as a theological method - the application of an organic church principle to all doctrine and practice. Anglo-Catholics used a distinctive hermeneutic, taken over from Pusey and Bishop Forbes, to neutralize offensive aspects of the thirty-nine articles and Prayer Book. Pressure from their bishops before and during the crisis stimulated distinctive doctrines of episcopacy and magisterium among them. Against all opposition, they continued to postulate a special affinity between the churches of England and Rome, secured by a particlar concept of holiness. Radical Anglo-Catholics who came to the fore in the church crisis turned the concept that the Church of England was but two provinces of the Catholic church from a passive assumption into the basis of a radical critique of other Anglican doctrine and practice. They responded to being under pressure in two kinds of way. Some sought security in formally reactionary postures which they hoped would make their position impregnable. Others saw the crisis as an opportunity for all involved to re-think their perceptions of their own positions and of the nature of authority. Although Anglo-Catholics did not always face up to the ecclesiological implications of their behaviour, they did manage to defend and define their approach between 1880 and 1914 well enough for it to make a major impact upon the twentieth century Church of England.

Inaug.-diss.--Gothenburg. / Bibliography: p. [vii]-xiv.

Thesis (M.A.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2009. / Thesis advisor: Glenn Sunshine. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History." Includes bibliographical references (leaves [96 - 101]). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.M.)--University of North Texas, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-107).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in History. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 347-366). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ66350.

Central London contains one of the most important shopping centres in the world. The principal shopping streets of the west End and Knightsbridge are the core of this centre. The purpose of the study is to investigate patterns of retail change in these streets in the period from 1976 to 1985. A range of quantitative and qualitative data are gathered and analysed in order to describe and explain the patterns of locational change. The three main components of retail change examined are political, economic and social influences. Each of these are discussed in terms of how their principal elements play a part in helping to shape trading patterns in the study area. Specific consideration is given to Oxford Street since this acts as the focus of retail activity in central London. Finally, an attempt is made to model some of the most important aspects of retail change that emerge from the study. The study indicates a retail environment that is characterised by considerable and rapid change. These changes exhibit few elements of regularity or consistency through both space and time. This is a function of the complex range of factors that are responsible for producing this dynamic and unique retail system. Thus, the research identifies changes that have taken place in trading patterns in the principal shopping streets of the West End and Knightsbridge in the period form 1976 to 1985, identifies the factors responsible for producing these changes, and develops an understanding of the ways in which these factors bring their influence to bear.

No description available.

No description available.

This study is an attempt to describe the critical reputation of Richard Steele's role in the Tatler as it has evolved through three centuries, from Steele's own time to 1965. The study provides for the first time a considerable and representative sampling of critical comment from the eighteenth century through the twentieth century, determines significant trends in the criticism, observes how earlier commentary affects later statements, and evaluates in some measure the validity of critical opinion.The student who seeks a full and accurate understanding of Steele's role in and contribution to the Tatler encounters particular difficulty because critical opinion has differed widely from Steele's own age to the present, and many commentaries fail to describe these differences fully or accurately. Critical opinion through the years has varied from unbridled praise of Steele to conscious deprecation of his abilities. Some writers credit Steele with very little responsibility for the success of the Tatler, yet some cite him as the major architect of the paper. Some critics view the Tatler, as merely a more undeveloped precursor of the Spectator, less perfect in plan or purpose, while others consider the earlier periodical superior to the later one. To add to the confusion, commentators have occasionally embroiled themselves in controversy over the relative literary merits and abilities of Steele and Addison, and some have gone even farther afield, diverting attention from both writers' literary merits by discussing individual character traits or personal habits. These differences of opinion and irrelevancies have resulted in a somewhat confused view of Steele and his contributions to the Tatler, leaving the student with no clear statement which summarizes adequately the variety of opinions which exists.What emerges from this study of the critical reputation of Steele's role in the Tatler is that Steele has been variously and inconsistently described by the writers of three centuries. His early reputation as an expert prose stylist gave way to descriptions of his neglect and carelessness in his writing, aggravated by attacks on his character and personal habits. Early descriptions of the Tatler as a journal of morals and manners and as a reformer of society obscured other features of the paper, and the exalting of Addison's role in the periodical obscured the importance and nature of Steele's contributions.The idea that the Tatler was essentially an imperfect predecessor of the spectator, obscured Steele's efforts to give it both variety and unity, and diverted attention from detailed study of the periodical. Generalizations about the various features of the paper such as its alleged avoidance of politics or its gallant treatment of women similarly obscured accurate descriptions of Steele's writing.The studies of modern scholars suggest that Steele was not only a competent writer, but a journalist of extraordinary ability who planned his periodical carefully and tailored it to the interests and tastes of his readers. These studies also suggest that the reforming influence of Steele and the Tatler has been exaggerated and that Steele was more likely only reflecting the changing standards of the times. Modern scholars recognize Steele as the originator of, responsible editor of, and chief contributor to the Tatler, and while many of the devices used in the earlier periodical were also used in the Spectator, the Tatler has its own unique and distinguishing features.Thus, a synthesis of critical opinion on Steele's role in the Tatler places Steele in a newer and clearer perspective while indicating the main interests, methods, and approaches of literary criticism in English over a period of the past 250 years.

The contemporary fine art auction house is a space where aesthetics and commerce merge into a spectacular experience. Sotheby's, London is one example of an auction house turned entertainment space, which masks its blatant capitalist tendencies through the replication of validated cultural institutions. The auction house mimics museum and theatre space in order to create a legitimate social and cultural experience for its clients. Every aspect of the auction event is choreographed to generate demand for its art and an authentic experience for its patrons. Individuals with the approved educational and economical background have access to these constructed locations, and attend the auction performance to purchase social status in conjunction with the art. As a result of this, Sotheby's effectively transforms economic capital into class acceptance through its spectacular space and legitimized cultural events.