Aldehydes in lung cancer cell culture have been investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization. In this study, the poly(dimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber was used and o-2,3,4,5,6-(pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) was first loaded on the fiber. Aldehydes in the headspace of lung cancer cell culture were extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and subsequently derivatized by PFBHA on the fiber. Finally, the aldehyde oximes formed on the fiber were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Using this method, acetaldehyde decrease was found in both non-small lung cancer cell cultures studied compared to the medium control study. The results of spiking the cell culture with acetaldehyde solution showed that 5 million SK-MES-1 cell lines could consume up to 4.5 uM acetaldehyde in 15-ml medium, and 5 million NCI-H522 cell lines could consume 5.9 uM acetaldehyde in 15-ml medium. The decrease of acetaldehyde may contribute to the metabolism of lung cancer cells. It was proved that GC/MS and SPME with on-fiber derivatization is a simple, rapid, sensitive and solvent-free method for the detection of aldehydes in lung cancer cell culture.

Aldehydes in lung cancer cell culture have been investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization. In this study, the poly(dimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber was used and o-2,3,4,5,6-(pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA) was first loaded on the fiber. Aldehydes in the headspace of lung cancer cell culture were extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and subsequently derivatized by PFBHA on the fiber. Finally, the aldehyde oximes formed on the fiber were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Using this method, acetaldehyde decrease was found in both non-small lung cancer cell cultures studied compared to the medium control study. The results of spiking the cell culture with acetaldehyde solution showed that 5 million SK-MES-1 cell lines could consume up to 4.5 uM acetaldehyde in 15-ml medium, and 5 million NCI-H522 cell lines could consume 5.9 uM acetaldehyde in 15-ml medium. The decrease of acetaldehyde may contribute to the metabolism of lung cancer cells. It was proved that GC/MS and SPME with on-fiber derivatization is a simple, rapid, sensitive and solvent-free method for the detection of aldehydes in lung cancer cell culture.

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The ultimate objective of this research was to develop a low cost, reliable system that would lead to early detection of lung cancer. Tests involved the quantitation of gaseous metabolic emissions from immortalized lung cancer cell lines in order to correlate the chemical markers to be of cancerous origin. The specific aims of the project were the study of gas emissions in selected cancer cell lines and identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in them. Disadvantages of earlier studies were that the measurements were not real time or state specific so that molecular identification was often inconclusive. Furthermore the methods of study used in the past were not quantitative, which limited their practicality for medical applications. We felt the need to prove or disprove these earlier results using a new technique. The method we proposed is different and unique when compared to previous methods because cell lines have not been studied extensively for cancer markers. We have studied cancer cell lines which are adherent, immortalized cultures originating from primary tumors obtained from patients with no prior treatment for lung cancer. We have used an alternative method for the spectrometric analysis and quantitation of the selected chemical markers. The pre-concentration method involved a Purge and Trap unit with a thermal desorber where the vapor concentration was enhanced. The concentrated head space gases were analyzed using a Gas Chromatograph ?? Mass Spectrometer setup. This setup eliminated the bulky apparatus used in earlier studies. It is simpler in design and more comprehensive so that external factors such as patient??s diet, habitat and lifestyle do not contribute to our study of recognition of cancer markers. Based on the results obtained in the above experiments, a more comprehensive, inexpensive study of lung cancer related markers could be made. The first section, after giving an introduction to lung cancer, goes on to explain the background work done by other researchers on cancer. The third section gives a detailed explanation of the experimental setup. This is followed by all the tests conducted with corresponding results. The final section deals with the conclusions drawn from all experiments.

<p dir="ltr">Cells within our bodies communicate with each other through various mechanisms, one of which is through the use of small vesicles generically referred to as ‘extracellular vesicles’ (EVs). Notably, EVs are secreted by nearly all types of cells and harbor in them biomolecules that they derive from the parent cells. Our first study from the lab in the field of EV biology revealed that EVs from non-small cell lung cancer cells induce invasive phenotype in non-tumorigenic bronchial epithelial cells. Remarkably, RNA component of EVs stands out as a significant contributor to EV-related function. To determine specifics about the RNA subsets functional in the invasive phenotype in recipient cells, we performed an RNA sequencing analysis of total RNA from EVs of NSCLC and non-tumorigenic cells. Indeed, there were unique patterns of enrichment of RNA subsets in the EVs from the NSCLC cells. Amongst the RNAs uniquely enriched in Calu6 EVs, miR-10b, miR-100 and miR-155 were the most prominent. Interestingly, further studies leading to defining the cargo most crucial for driving invasive potential in non-tumorigenic cells, revealed the combinatorial impact of these three miRNAs. Our RNA sequencing analysis not only revealed unique patterns of enrichment of RNAs in NSCLC EVs, but also revealed something unexpected, that is the presence of miRNA subsets in EVs that are lost from NSCLC cells. We hypothesized that the export of miRNAs in EVs is a mechanism that cancer cells use to deplete themselves of specific subsets of miRNAs. To begin to delineate the pathway of export, we discovered a five-nucleotide RNA motif in the miRNAs enriched in NSCLC cell-derived EVs. Notably, this motif was not identified in EVs from non-tumorigenic cells. Interestingly, the motif was found to be necessary for the export of miRNAs into EVs. Not only that but the identified motif is also exported out into EVs through a mechanism that is specific to cancer cells. This further leads us to delineate the process of sequence-based export into EVs by identifying the cellular machinery that recognizes this motif in miRNAs and/or ‘marks’ them for export into EVs. To delve deeper into the understanding of the dynamics of RNA export into EVs, we successfully developed a method using flow cytometry to analyze the export of fluorescently labeled miRNAs by the cells into the EVs. The power of the developed tool will be used in fluorescence based CRISPR Cas9 screening to identify cellular features of miRNA export into EVs.</p>