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Η παρούσα Εργασία εκπονήθηκε στον Τομέα Ρευστών της Σχολής Μηχανολόγων Μηχανικών του ΕΘΝΙΚΟΥ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟΥ. Η εργασία αποσκοπεί: Α) Στην εξοικείωση των συμμετασχόντων με τον έγχρωμο υπερηχοκαρδιογραφο Vivid 7 της GE. Β) Στον έλεγχο της αξιοπιστίας των μεθόδων έγχρωμου Doppler (Color Doppler), παλμικού Doppler και M-mode στο υπολογισμό της παροχής και την σύγκριση μεταξύ τους. Γ) Στην εύρεση πιθανών αιτιών στις αποκλίσεις των μεθόδων, έτσι ώστε οι κώδικες που αναπτύχθηκαν σε MATLAB για έγχρωμο Doppler και Μ-mode να βελτιωθούν στο μέλλον. Δ) Στην δημιουργία μιας αρχικής βάσης δεδομένων για τις παροχές και τις διαμέτρους που μετρούνται in vivo προεγχειρητικά σε χοίρους, που χρησιμοποιούνται σε ερευνητικό πρόγραμμα ΠΕΝΕΔ. Η Εργασία χωρίζεται σε τρία μέρη. Στο πρώτο μέρος γίνεται μια θεωρητική προσέγγιση του θέματος, με ανάλυση της αρχής Doppler, καθώς και των μεθόδων μέτρησης και απεικόνισης με συστήματα Doppler. Στο δεύτερο μέρος παρουσιάζεται η πειραματική διαδικασία, τόσο η δική μας, όσο και παλαιότερες. Στο τρίτο μέρος παρουσιάζονται κάποια αποτελέσματα και συμπεράσματα των δικών μας πειραμάτων. / The present project was elaborated at National Technical University of Athens, School of Mechanical Engineering, Fluids Section, and it aims at: A)The familiarization of the participants with the Color Vivid7 Dimension, Cardiovascular Ultrasound System of GE B)The control of credibility of the methods of Color Doppler, Pulsed Wave Doppler and M-Mode at the calculation of flow and their comparison C)The finding of possible causes of the deviations of these methods, with the intention of MATLAB Color and M-Mode Doppler codes improvement D)The creation of a database concerning flows and diameters calculated in vivo, prior to the surgery, in pigs used at a Research Program of Athens Academy Medical-Biological Center. This Project is divided in three parts. On first part a theoritical approach of the issue is presented, analyzing the Doppler Principal, as well as the methods used for Doppler Imaging. On the second part the experimental procedures are presented, both ours and of others. On the third part a number of results and conclusions are presented.

Esta dissertação apresenta um formalismo baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), adequado a análise de descontinuidades coaxiais com simetria axial, entre duas linhas coaxiais quaisquer, incluindo corrugações nos tubos internos e externos. Pelo método de Galerkin-Budnov deduz-se um operador integral bilinear, aplicado ao campo magnético, expandido em todo o domínio da estrutura, coaxial-descontinuidade-coaxial. As portas de entrada e saída da estrutura são posicionadas distantes da descontinuidade, de forma que nelas só haja o modo Transversal Eletromagnético (TEM). O campo magnético procurado e obtido pelo MEF. Os resultados encontrados; perdas de retorno, comportamento do campo magnético e as equi-fases nas portas de entrada e saída da estrutura, foram calculados e confrontados com as do Método de Casamento de Modos (MCM), com um alto grau de concordância. / This paper presents a formalism based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), suitable for analysis of discontinuities with axial symmetry, between any two coaxial lines, including corrugations. The method of Galerkin-Budnov follows a bi-linear integral operator, applied to the magnetic held, expanded in the whole area of the structure, coaxial-discontinuity-coaxial. The input and output ports of the structure are far from of the discontinuity, so that therein there is only the TEM mode. The magnetic held sought is obtained by MEF. The values for the return loss, and the magnetic helds at both ports were calculated and compared with those yielded by Modes Matching Technique, showing good agreement.

Esta dissertação apresenta um formalismo baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), adequado a análise de descontinuidades coaxiais com simetria axial, entre duas linhas coaxiais quaisquer, incluindo corrugações nos tubos internos e externos. Pelo método de Galerkin-Budnov deduz-se um operador integral bilinear, aplicado ao campo magnético, expandido em todo o domínio da estrutura, coaxial-descontinuidade-coaxial. As portas de entrada e saída da estrutura são posicionadas distantes da descontinuidade, de forma que nelas só haja o modo Transversal Eletromagnético (TEM). O campo magnético procurado e obtido pelo MEF. Os resultados encontrados; perdas de retorno, comportamento do campo magnético e as equi-fases nas portas de entrada e saída da estrutura, foram calculados e confrontados com as do Método de Casamento de Modos (MCM), com um alto grau de concordância. / This paper presents a formalism based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), suitable for analysis of discontinuities with axial symmetry, between any two coaxial lines, including corrugations. The method of Galerkin-Budnov follows a bi-linear integral operator, applied to the magnetic held, expanded in the whole area of the structure, coaxial-discontinuity-coaxial. The input and output ports of the structure are far from of the discontinuity, so that therein there is only the TEM mode. The magnetic held sought is obtained by MEF. The values for the return loss, and the magnetic helds at both ports were calculated and compared with those yielded by Modes Matching Technique, showing good agreement.