<p dir="ltr">In life sciences, the determination of macromolecular structures and their functions, particularly proteins and protein complexes, is of paramount importance, as these molecules play critical roles within cells. The specific physical interactions of macromolecules govern molecular and cellular functions, making the 3D structure elucidation of these entities essential for comprehending the mechanisms underlying life processes, diseases, and drug discovery. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has emerged as a promising experimental technique for obtaining 3D macromolecular structures. In the course of my research, I proposed CryoREAD, an innovative AI-based method for <i>de nov</i>o DNA/RNA structure modeling. This novel approach represents the first fully automated solution for DNA/RNA structure modeling from cryo-EM maps at near-atomic resolution. However, as the resolution decreases, structure modeling becomes significantly more challenging. To address this challenge, I introduced Emap2sec+, a 3D deep convolutional neural network designed to identify protein secondary structures, RNA, and DNA information from cryo-EM maps at intermediate resolutions ranging from 5-10 Å. Additionally, I presented Alpha-EM-Multimer, a groundbreaking method for automatically building full protein complexes from cryo-EM maps at intermediate resolution. Alpha-EM-Multimer employs a diffusion model to trace the protein backbone and subsequently fits the AlphaFold predicted single-chain structure to construct the complete protein complex. Notably, this method stands as the first to enable the modeling of protein complexes with more than 10,000 residues for cryo-EM maps at intermediate resolution, achieving an average TM-Score of predicted protein complexes above 0.8, which closely approximates the native structure. Furthermore, I addressed the recognition of local structural errors in predicted and experimental protein structures by proposing DAQ, an evaluation approach for experimental protein structure quality that utilizes detection probabilities derived from cryo-EM maps via a pretrained multi-task neural network. In the pursuit of evaluating protein complexes generated through computational methods, I developed GNN-DOVE and DOVE, leveraging convolutional neural networks and graph neural networks to assess the accuracy of predicted protein complex structures. These advancements in cryo-EM-based structural modeling and evaluation methodologies hold significant promise for advancing our understanding of complex macromolecular systems and their biological implications.</p>