<p> Resistance exercise training results in skeletal muscle hypertrophy due to accumulated periods ofprotein accretion, the magnitude ofwhich may be influenced by post-exercise feeding. One study suggests that hypertrophy is maximized by immediate provision ofprotein (26); how the type ofprotein ingested in this period affects protein accretion is not known. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of consuming different post-exercise beverages -milk (MLK), an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy drink (PEC), or an isoenergetic control (CON)-on body mass, fat-bone free mass (FBFM), muscle fibre area, and strength during a 12-week progressive whole body resistance training program, in untrained men. METHODS: 34 men were randomized to postexercise consumption ofMLK (n=12; fat free), PEC (n=11; soy) or CON (n=11; maltodextrin) using single-blinded allocation, with characteristics-22.5 ± 0.6 yr, 25.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2• Participants trained 5 d/wk using a whole body split resistance training program and consumed 500 ml oftheir assigned drink immediately and 1h post-exercise following every training bout. RESULTS: Total body mass increased following training (P<0.01) but there were no differences between groups (MLK = 3.2 ± 0.8 kg, PEC = 2.9± 1.4 kg, CON= 2.0 ± 0.8 kg). Similarly, FBFM also increased post-training (P<0.01), but was not different between groups (MLK = 3.3 ± 0.6 kg, PEC = 2.7 ± 0.6kg, CON= 2.2 ± 0.6 kg). Muscle type II fibre area increased post-training (P<0.05) but was not different between groups (MLK = 1004 ± 249 pm2, PEC = 650 ± 192 pm2, CON= 565 ± 120 pm2). Training resulted in increases in 1RM strength for 13 different exercises (P<0.01) with no difference between groups (range= 29-101%). CONCLUSION: Immediate post-exercise provision ofeither milk (MLK), or an isonitrogenous I isoenergetic soy drink (PEC), as well as an isoenergetic carbohydrate beverage (CON), resulted in similar increases in body mass, FBFM, type II muscle fibre area, and strength. This study demonstrates that intact dietary proteins from milk and soy are effective for promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Moreover, when given equivalent energy immediately postexercise, proteins consumed as part of a normal diet, outside ofthe immediate postexercise period are sufficient for hypertrophic and strength gains. Finally, post-exercise consumption ofprotein is no more effective than carbohydrate for promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy when adequate protein is consumed within a regular diet. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Genetic variations in taste receptor genes play a notable role in human taste perception and food preferences and intake, which may affect nutritional and health status. Understanding how genetic variations in taste receptor genes influence food perception, preferences, and intake can play an important role in designing effective interventions to improve the quality of peoples' nutrition and minimize the risk of diet-related diseases such as obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of umami taste receptor gene TAS1R1 and GRM4 and sweet taste receptor gene TAS1R3 and percentage of body fat mass (BF%) among young adults. 833 young adults aged 18-31 years old were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Umami and sweet taste receptor genotypes were determined and analyzed. A strong association was observed between the allele frequencies of sweet taste receptor gene TAS1R3 for SNPs rs307355 and rs35744813 and BMI, and between the same SNPs rs307355 and rs35744813 and BF%. In addition, the allele frequencies of SNP rs2499729 were significantly related to the likelihood of having obesity based on BMI classification. However, there was no association between the allele frequencies of the SNPs of the umami taste receptor genes; TAS1R1 for rs34160967 and BMI or BF%. The results of this study also indicated association in total energy intake and the percentage of energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fat intake between the alleles of the sweet receptor gene TAS1R3 for rs307355 and 35744813. Furthermore, a notable association was also detected in the percentage of energy from fat intake among the alleles of the umami receptors gene TAS1R1 rs34160967, and a significant relation in the percentage of energy from carbohydrates and protein intake between the different genotype polymorphisms of the umami receptor GRM4 gene for rs2499729.