No description available.

From September 2005 to December 2006, in order to define the prevalence of Helicobacter pullorum in broiler chickens, laying hens and turkey, a total of 365 caecum contents of animals reared in 76 different farms were collected at the slaughterhouse. A caecum content of a ostrich was also sampled. In addition, with the aim of investigating the occurrence of H. pullorum in humans, 151 faeces were collected at the Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna from patients suffering of gastroenteritis. A modified Steele–McDermott membrane filter method was used. Gram-negative curved rod bacteria were preliminary identified as H. pullorum by a PCR assay based on 16S rRNA, then subjected to a RFLP-PCR assay to distinguish between H. pullorum and H. canadensis. One isolate from each farm was randomly selected for phenotypic characterization by biochemical methods and 1D SDSPAGE analysis of whole cell proteins profiles. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for seven different antibiotics were also determined by agar dilution method. Moreover, to examine the intraspecific genomic variability, two strains isolated from 17 different farms were submitted to genotyping by Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). In order to assess the molecular basis of fluorquinolone resistance in H. pullorum, gyrA of H. pullorum CIP 104787T was sequenced and nucleotide sequences of the Quinolone Resistance Determining Region (QRDR) of a total of 18 poultry isolates, with different MIC values for ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, were compared. According to the PCR and PCR-RFLP results, 306 out of 366 animals examined were positive for H. pullorum (83,6%) and 96,1% of farms resulted infected. All positive samples showed a high number of colonies (>50) phenotipically consistent with H. pullorum on the first isolation media, which suggests that this microrganism, when present, colonizes the poultry caecum at an elevate load. No human sample resulted positive for H. pullorum. The 1D SDS-PAGE whole protein profile analysis showed high similarity among the 74 isolates tested and with the type strain H. pullorum CIP 104787T. Regarding the MIC values, a monomodal distribution was found for ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and nalidixic acid, whereas a bimodal trend was noticed for erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline (indicating an acquired resistance for these antibiotics). Applying the breakpoints indicated by the CSLI, we may assume that all the H. pullorum tested are sensitive only to gentamicin. The intraspecific genomic variability observed in this study confirm that this species don’t have a clonal population structure, as motioned by other autors. The 2490 bp gyrA gene of H. pullorum CIP104787T with an Open Reading Frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 829 amino acids was for the first time sequenced and characterized. All ciprofloxacin resistant poultry isolates showed ACA®ATA (Thr®Ile) substitution at codon 84 of gyrA corresponding to codons of gyrA 86, 87 and 83 of the Campylobacter jejuni, H. pylori and Escherichia coli, respectively. This substitution was functionally confirmed to be associated with the ciprofloxacin resistant phenotype of poultry isolates. This is the first report of isolation of H. pullorum in turkey and in ostrich, indicating that poultry species are the reservoir of this potential zoonotic microorganisms. In order to understand the potential role as food-borne human pathogen of H. pullorum, further studies must be carried on.

Hepatitis E is an infectious viral disease with clinical and morphological features of acute hepatitis. The aetiological agent is the Hepatitis E virus (HEV). The disease represents an important Public Health problem in developing countries where is frequently epidemic and primarily transmitted by fecal-oral route. In the last few years, a certain number of sporadic cases have been also described in industrialized countries, Italy included. A swine HEV was first identified in 1997 and is now considered an ubiquitous virus. Human and swine strains from the same geographical region have shown to have a high level of nucleotidic omology and in experimental infections, the possibility of interspecific transmission of swine strains to humans and of human strains to non-human primates has been demonstrated. Furthermore, some seroepidemiological studies have demonstrated that people working in contact with swine have a higher risk to get infected than normal blood donors. Recently, cases of HEV hepatitis have been directly associated to the ingestion of uncooked tissues from pigs, wild boar or deer and today the disease is considered an emerging zoonosis. The aims of this thesis were: evaluate HEV prevalence in Italian swine herds (both in fattening and in breeding animals); investigate the possibility of finding HEV in livers used for human consumption; investigate if there is any correlation between HEV infection and the presence of macroscopical lesions; investigate HEV prevalence in a demographic managed wild boar population; phylogenetically analyse viral strains identified. During an internship period at Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge, UK), furthermore, swine samples at different stages of production and slurry lagoons have been analysed. Six swine herds located in North Italy have been sampled at different stage of production. The overall prevalence resulted 42%, and both breeding and fattening animals were positive for HEV infection. A longitudinal study has been conducted in a herd across all stages of production until the slaughtering age. Livers have been collected from the animals at the abattoir and 11.8% of them were positive for HEV infection. No correlations have been identified between HEV infection and macroscopical lesions in pigs affected by different pathological conditions. Of 86 wild boars tested 22 (25%) were positive for HEV. Of the swine tested in UK 21,5 % and 2 of the 9 slurry lagoons (22,2%) were positive for HEV infection. All the strains identified belonged to genotype 3 and showed high percentages of nucleotidic identity with humans and swine strains identified in Europe. The high prevalence detected in these studies confirms the widespread diffusion of HEV in swine populations in Italy and in UK. Phylogenetical analysis of identified strains, similar to those identified in autochthonous human hepatitis E cases of the same geographical area, confirm the hypothesis that pigs can be a font of zoonotical infection. The finding that a fraction of the livers inserted in the food chain are positive for HEV infection it’s of some concern for Public Health. The finding of a high HEV prevalence in all examined farms, together with the observation that infection may be sub-clinical and affect animals at slaughtering age, raise concern because of the possible risk of transmission of HEV to humans by either direct contact with infected pigs, indirect contact with environment and working instruments contaminated with pig feces, or ingestion of contaminated undercooked meat.

No description available.

The Poxviruses are a family of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that cause disease in many species, both vertebrate and invertebrate. Their genomes range in size from 135 to 365 kbp and show conservation in both organization and content. In particular, the central genomic regions of the chordopoxvirus subfamily (those capable of infecting vertebrates) contain 88 genes which are present in all the virus species characterised to date and which mostly occur in the same order and orientation. In contrast, however, the terminal regions of the genomes frequently contain genes that are species or genera-specific and that are not essential for the growth of the virus in vitro but instead often encode factors with important roles in vivo including modulation of the host immune response to infection and determination of the host range of the virus. The Parapoxviruses (PPV), of which Orf virus is the prototypic species, represent a genus within the chordopoxvirus subfamily of Poxviridae and are characterised by their ability to infect ruminants and humans. The genus currently contains four recognised species of virus, bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) both of which infect cattle, orf virus (OV) that infects sheep and goats, and parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ). The ORFV genome has been fully sequenced, as has that of BPSV, and is ~138 kb in length encoding ~132 genes. The vast majority of these genes allow the virus to replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected host cell and therefore encode proteins involved in replication, transcription and metabolism of nucleic acids. These genes are well conserved between all known genera of poxviruses. There is however another class of genes, located at either end of the linear dsDNA genome, that encode proteins which are non-essential for replication and generally dictate host range and virulence of the virus. The non-essential genes are often the most variable within and between species of virus and therefore are potentially useful for diagnostic purposes. Given their role in subverting the host-immune response to infection they are also targets for novel therapeutics. The function of only a relatively small number of these proteins has been elucidated and there are several genes whose function still remains obscure principally because there is little similarity between them and proteins of known function in current sequence databases. It is thought that by selectively removing some of the virulence genes, or at least neutralising the proteins in some way, current vaccines could be improved. The evolution of poxviruses has been proposed to be an adaptive process involving frequent events of gene gain and loss, such that the virus co-evolves with its specific host. Gene capture or horizontal gene transfer from the host to the virus is considered an important source of new viral genes including those likely to be involved in host range and those enabling the virus to interfere with the host immune response to infection. Given the low rate of nucleotide substitution, recombination can be seen as an essential evolutionary driving force although it is likely underestimated. Recombination in poxviruses is intimately linked to DNA replication with both viral and cellular proteins participate in this recombination-dependent replication. It has been shown, in other poxvirus genera, that recombination between isolates and perhaps even between species does occur, thereby providing another mechanism for the acquisition of new genes and for the rapid evolution of viruses. Such events may result in viruses that have a selective advantage over others, for example in re-infections (a characteristic of the PPV), or in viruses that are able to jump the species barrier and infect new hosts. Sequence data related to viral strains isolated from goats suggest that possible recombination events may have occurred between OV and PCPV (Ueda et al. 2003). The recombination events are frequent during poxvirus replication and comparative genomic analysis of several poxvirus species has revealed that recombinations occur frequently on the right terminal region. Intraspecific recombination can occur between strains of the same PPV species, but also interspecific recombination can happen depending on enough sequence similarity to enable recombination between distinct PPV species. The most important pre-requisite for a successful recombination is the coinfection of the individual host by different virus strains or species. Consequently, the following factors affecting the distribution of different viruses to shared target cells need to be considered: dose of inoculated virus, time interval between inoculation of the first and the second virus, distance between the marker mutations, genetic homology. At present there are no available data on the replication dynamics of PPV in permissive and non permissive hosts and reguarding co-infetions there are no information on the interference mechanisms occurring during the simultaneous replication of viruses of different species. This work has been carried out to set up permissive substrates allowing the replication of different PPV species, in particular keratinocytes monolayers and organotypic skin cultures. Furthermore a method to isolate and expand ovine skin stem cells was has been set up to indeep further aspects of viral cellular tropism during natural infection. The study produced important data to elucidate the replication dynamics of OV and PCPV virus in vitro as well as the mechanisms of interference that can arise during co-infection with different viral species. Moreover, the analysis carried on the genomic right terminal region of PCPV 1303/05 contributed to a better knowledge of the viral genes involved in host interaction and pathogenesis as well as to locate recombination breakpoints and genetic homologies between PPV species. Taken together these data filled several crucial gaps for the study of interspecific recombinations of PPVs which are thought to be important for a better understanding of the viral evolution and to improve the biosafety of antiviral therapy and PPV-based vectors.

No description available.

The first part of the thesis is a brief review on the most important aspects of HEV infection in human and swine, followed by an update on the laboratory techniques currently in use for the diagnosis of HEV infections in humans and animals. The second part refers on the results of two investigations carried out on the presence of HEV infection in swine farms in Toscana and Piemonte and on the presence of HEV infection in pigs and humans in some rural communities in Bolivia. HEV strains isolated from swine herds in Toscana and Piemonte were all included in the genotype 3, showing particular homology with Dutch porcine isolates, Spanish porcine and human isolates and British human isolates. The investigation carried out, with a random sampling, in the province of Cuneo, detected HEV infection with a prevalence of 46% on farms with a number of pigs greater than 500. HEV was detected in pigs and humans in rural communities in Bolivia and all the viral isolate were included in the genotype 3. Aminoacidic homology of human and swine isolates was estimated to be 92%. Results on the development of a Real Time RT-PCR to detect HEV are also reported. The used Real Time RT-PCR protocols, one step and two steps, exhibited good sensitivity to detect several Italian swine HEV strains with high rate of genetic variability.

The emergency of infection by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) subtype H5N1 has focused the attention of the world scientific community, requiring the prompt provision of effective control systems for early detection of the circulation of low pathogenic influenza H5 viruses (LPAI) in populations of wild birds to prevent outbreaks of highly pathogenic (HPAI) in populations of domestic birds with possible transmission to humans. The project stems from the aim to provide, through a preliminary analysis of data obtained from surveillance in Italy and Europe, a preliminary study about the virus detection rates and the development of mathematical models, an objective assessment of the effectiveness of avian influenza surveillance systems in wild bird populations, and to point out guidelines to support the planning process of the sampling activities. The results obtained from the statistical processing quantify the sampling effort in terms of time and sample size required, and simulating different epidemiological scenarios identify active surveillance as the most suitable for endemic LPAI infection monitoring in wild waterfowl, and passive surveillance as the only really effective tool in early detecting HPAI H5N1 circulation in wild populations. Given the lack of relevant information on H5N1 epidemiology, and the actual finantial and logistic constraints, an approach that makes use of statistical tools to evaluate and predict monitoring activities effectiveness proves to be of primary importance to direct decision-making and make the best use of available resources.

La leishmaniosi è una malattia protozoaria importante che interessa l’ambito della sanità animale e umana, in relazione al carattere zoonotico dell’infezione. In Italia l’infezione è sostenuta da Leishmania infantum, i cui ceppi viscerotropi sono responsabili della leishmaniosi canina (LCan) e della forma viscerale zoonotica (LVZ), ed i ceppi dermotropi della forma cutanea sporadica nell’uomo (LCS). La trasmissione dell’infezione è sostenuta da femmine ematofaghe di ditteri appartenenti al genere Phlebotomus, che hanno il ruolo di vettori biologici attivi. L’unico serbatoio domestico riconosciuto è il cane. In Italia la LCan è in forte espansione. Fino agli anni ottanta era presente in forma endemica nel centro-sud Italia e nelle isole mentre il nord Italia, fatta eccezione per la Liguria e una piccola parte dell’Emilia-Romagna risultava indenne. A partire dagli anni novanta, parallelamente ad un aumento della consistenza e del numero dei focolai nelle aree storicamente endemiche, sono iniziate, nelle regioni del Nord, le segnalazioni di focolai autoctoni stabili. Le attività del network scientifico LeishMap™, tra il 2002 e il 2005, hanno evidenziato un nuovo quadro epidemiologico in tutte le regioni del nord Italia, confermato anche da indagini successive. Alla riemergenza della leishmaniosi hanno concorso una serie di fattori ecologico-ambientali e umani. Tra i primi si ricorda il cambiamento climatico che ha influito sulla distribuzione e sulla densità della popolazione vettoriale; tra i secondi, ruolo fondamentale ha giocato la maggiore movimentazione di animali, provenienti da aree indenni, in zone interessate dalla malattia. La valutazione di tutti questi aspetti è stato il punto di partenza per la messa a punto di un progetto per la realizzazione della sorveglianza della leishmaniosi in Emilia-Romagna. Parte delle attività previste da tale progetto costituiscono la prima parte della presente tesi. Mediante la realizzazione di una banca dati e, la successiva georeferenziazione, dei casi di leishmaniosi canina (LCan) in cani di proprietà della regione e zone limitrofe (Pesaro-Urbino, Repubblica di San Marino), sono stati evidenziati 538 casi, la maggior parte dei quali nelle province di Bologna e Rimini (235 e 204, rispettivamente). Nelle due province sono stati individuati clusters di aggregazione importanti in base alla densità di casi registrati/km2 (4 nella provincia di Bologna e 3 in quella di Rimini). Nella seconda parte della presente tesi è stato approfondito l’aspetto diagnostico della malattia. Molte sono le metodiche applicabili alla diagnosi di LCan: da quelle dirette, come i metodi parassitologici e molecolari, a quelle indirette, come le tecniche sierologiche. Nella II parte sperimentale della presente tesi, 100 sieri di cane sono stati esaminati in Immunofluorescenza Indiretta (IFI), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) e Western Blot (WB), al fine di valutare l’applicazione di queste metodiche a scopi diagnostici ed epidemiologici. L’elaborazione statistica dei risultati ottenuti conferma l’IFI metodica gold standard per la diagnosi della LCan. Inoltre, si è osservato che il grado di concordanza tra l’IFI e le altre due metodiche aumenta quando nell’animale si instaura una risposta anticorpale forte, che, corrisponderebbe ad uno stato di infezione in atto.

Members of the genera Campylobacter and Helicobacter have been in the spotlight in recent decades because of their status as animals and/or humans pathogens, both confirmed and emerging, and because of their association with food-borne and zoonotic diseases. First observations of spiral shaped bacteria or Campylobacter-like organisms (CLO) date back to the end of the 19th century, however the lack of adequate isolation methods hampered further research. With the introduction of methods such as selective media and a filtration procedure during the 1970s led to a renewed interest in Campylobacter, especially as this enabled elucidation of their role in human hosts. On the other hand the classification and identification of these bacteria was troublesome, mainly because of the biochemical inertness and fastidious growth requirements. In 1991, the taxonomy of Campylobacter and related organisms was thoroughly revised, since this revision several new Campylobacter and Helicobacter species have been described. Moreover, thanks to the introduction of a polyphasic taxonomic practice, the classification of these novel species is well-founded. Indeed, a polyphasic approach was here followed for characterizing eight isolates obtained from rabbits epidemiologically not correlated and as a result a new Campylobacter species was proposed: Campylobacter cuniculorum (Chapter 1). Furthermore, there is a paucity of data regarding the occurrence of spiral shaped enteric flora in leporids. In order to define the prevalence both of this new species and other CLO in leporids (chapter 2), a total of 85 whole intestinal tracts of rabbits reared in 32 farms and 29 capture hares, epidemiologically not correlated, were collected just after evisceration at the slaughterhouse or during necroscopy. Examination and isolation methods were varied in order to increase the sensibility level of detection, and 100% of rabbit farms resulted positive for C. cuniculorum in high concentrations. Moreover, in 3.53% of the total rabbits examined, a Helicobacter species was detected. Nevertheless, all hares resulted negative both for Campylobacter or Helicobacter species. High prevalence of C. cuniculorum were found in rabbits, and in order to understand if this new species could play a pathological role, a study on some virulence determinants of C. cuniculorum was conducted (Chapter 3). Although this new species were able to adhere and invade, exert cytolethal distending toxin-like effects although at a low titre, a cdtB was not detected. There was no clear relationship between source of isolation or disease manifestation and possession of statistically significantly levels of particular virulence-associated factors although, cell adhesion and invasion occurred. Furthermore, antibiotic susceptibility was studied (chapter 4) in Campylobacter and in Escherichia coli strains, isolated from rabbits. It was possible to find acquired resistance of C. cuniculorum to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and erytromycin. C. coli isolate was susceptible to all antimicrobial tested and moreover it is considered as a wild-type strain. Moreover, E. coli was found at low caecal concentration in rabbits and 30 phenotypes of antibiotic resistance were founded as well as the high rate of resistances to at least one antibiotic (98.1%). The majority of resistances were found from strains belonging to intensive farming system. In conclusion, in the course of the present study a new species isolated from rabbits was described, C. cuniculorum, and its high prevalence was established. Nevertheless, in hare samples no Campylobacter and Helicobacter species were detected. Some virulence determinants were further analyzed, however further studied are needed to understand the potential pathogenicity of this new species. On the other hand, antimicrobial susceptibility was monitored both in C. cuniculorum and indicator bacteria and acquired resistance was observed towards some antibiotics, indicating a possible role of rabbitries in the diffusion of antibiotic resistance. Further studies are necessary to describe and evaluate the eventual zoonotic role of Campylobacter cuniculorum. / Membri del genere Campylobacter e Helicobacter sono stati studiati negli ultimi decenni a causa del loro status di patogeni animali e/o umani, e a causa della loro associazione con tossinfezione alimentare e zoonosi. Le prime osservazioni di batteri a forma spirillare o organismi simili a Campylobacter risalgono alla fine del secolo XIX, tuttavia la mancanza di metodi di isolamento adeguati hanno ostacolato ulteriori ricerche. L'introduzione di innovativi metodi d’isolamento durante gli anni ‘70, ha portato ad un rinnovato interesse per il genere Campylobacter, permettendo di chiarire il suo ruolo nella patologia umana. In seguito alle difficoltá nel classificare e identificare questi batteri, soprattutto a causa della loro inerzia biochimica ed esigenze colturali, la tassonomia di Campylobacter e organismi corelati è stata da sempre motivo di dibattito. I moderni sviluppi della sistematica in batteriologia e l’introduzione nella pratica tassonomica del cosi detto approccio polifasico, che consiste nell’associare alle classiche informazioni fenotipiche quelle di origine genetica e/o genomica, ha permesso di descrivere moltissime nuove species di Campylobacter e Helicobacter. Un approccio polifasico è stato qui condotto per la caratterizzazione di otto isolati ottenuti da conigli epidemiologicamente non correlati, permettendo la descrizione di una nuova specie: Campylobacter cuniculorum (capitolo 1). Dalla disamina della letteratura, l’isolamento di Campylobacter dal coniglio o dalla lepre é sempre descritto come evento sporadico, ma i risultati tra diversi studi appaiono spesso contradditori e un’indagine sistematica sulla prevalenza di questi batteri nel contenuto intestinale di conigli e lepri (Leporidae) risulta carente. Con l’obiettivo di definire con maggior precisione la prevalenza di differenti specie di Campylobacter, in particolare della nuova specie C. cuniculorum, che di Helicobacter in Leporidae, sono stati campionati un totale di 85 pacchetti intestinali di conigli allevati in 32 aziende e 29 da lepri di cattura (capitolo 2). Tutti i conigli analizzati sono risultati positivi a C. cuniculorum e solo in 3 casi é stato possibile determinare la presenza di Helicobacter spp., per cui una identificazione di specie non é stata possibile. Soltanto in due casi é stato isolato, insieme ad C. cuniculorum, anche Campylobacter coli. Diversamente da quanto osservato nei conigli, tutte le lepri sono risultate negative sia per Campylobacter che per Helicobacter. Data l’elevata prevalenza di C. cuniculorum in conigli allevati a scopo alimentare, al fine di verificare il suo possibile ruolo come agente patogeno, é stato condotto uno studio volto ad analizzare l’eventuale espressione di alcuni fattori di virulenza (capitolo 3): presenza di Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT); adesione e invasione in diverse linee cellulari. Sebbene gli isolati di C. cuniculorum abbiano mostrato diversi gradi di adesione ed invasione e di esercitare effetti tossici su diverse linee cellulari, la presenza di CDT non è stata rilevata. Inoltre, non é stata riscontrata nessuna relazione tra la presenza di sintomi gastrointestinali nel coniglio e l’espressione dei fattori di virulenza studiati. Visto la crescente importanza del fenomeno dell’antibiotico resistenza e la sua implicazione in sanitá pubblica, nella presente tesi é stata, inoltre, monitorata la sensibilitá di Campylobacter ed Escherichia coli isolati da conigli ad un determinato pannello di antibiotici (capitolo 4). É stato possibile determinare acquisita resistenza a enrofloxacina, ciprofloxacina ed eritromicina in C. cuniculorum. Diversamente, C. coli é risultato sensibile a tutti gli antibiotici testati. Il 98,1% degli isolati di E. coli esaminati hanno presentato resistenza ad almeno un antibiotico (98,1%), per un totale di 30 fenotipi di resistenza riscontrati. La maggior parte delle resistenze osservate sono state riscontrate in ceppi isolati da animali allevati con sistema intensivo. In conclusione, nel corso del presente studio una nuova specie isolata da conigli è stata descritta, C. cuniculorum. Questa specie ha mostrato un’elevata prevalenza in conigli ma é risultata totalmente assente nei campioni di lepre. Sebbene alcuni fattori di virulenza siano stati riscontrati, ulteriori studi sono necessari per capire la potenziale patogenicità ed il ruolo zoonosico di C. cuniculorum. Tuttavia, resistenza a differenti antibiotici é stata riscontrata sia in C. cuniculorum che in batteri indicatori, suggerendo il possibile ruolo dell’allevamento cunicolo nella diffusione dell’antibiotico resistenza. / Membros dos géneros Campylobacter e Helicobacter têm sido o centro das atenções nas últimas décadas tanto devido à importância como agentes patogénicos (confirmados e emergentes) de animais e/ou humanos, como devido à sua associação com zoonoses. As primeiras observações de bactérias de forma espiralar ou organismos Campylobacter-like (OCL) remontam ao final do século XIX. Porém, a falta de métodos de isolamento adequados prejudicou a investigação destes microorganismos. Com a introdução de métodos durante a década de 1970, como meios selectivos e processos de filtração, um renovado interesse em Campylobacter surgiu, especialmente porque este permitiu a elucidação do seu papel em hospedes humanos. Por outro lado, devido à sua bioquímica inerte e requisitos de crescimento fastidioso, a classificação e identificação dessas bactérias foi verdadeiramente problemática. Em 1991, a taxonomia de Campylobacter e organismos relacionados foi completamente revista, e a partir desta revisão diversas novas espécies de Campylobacter e Helicobacter têm sido descritas. Além disso, a classificação destas novas espécies está bem fundamentada devido à introdução de uma prática taxonómica polifásica. Com efeito, uma abordagem polifásica foi aqui utilizada para caracterizar oito estirpes obtidas de coelhos epidemiologicamente não correlacionados, e como resultado uma espécie nova de Campylobacter foi proposta: Campylobacter cuniculorum (Capítulo 1). Sabendo que existe uma grande escassez de dados sobre a ocorrência de bactérias de forma espiralar na flora entérica de leporídeos, e a fim de definir a prevalência tanto desta nova espécie como de outros OCL em coelhos e lebres (capítulo 2), um total de 85 tractos intestinais de coelhos de 32 explorações (industriais e rurais), epidemiologicamente não correlacionadas, e 29 tractos intestinais de lebres de captura, foram amostrados no matadouro ou durante necroscopia. Os métodos de isolamento e detecção utilizados foram variados, com o objectivo de aumentar o nível de sensibilidade, e 100% das explorações de coelhos resultaram positivas para C. cuniculorum. Além disso, em 3.53% do total de coelhos analisados uma espécie de Helicobacter foi detectada, porém não identificada. No entanto, em todas as lebres analisadas a detecção de Campylobacter e Helicobacter foi negativa. Dada a alta prevalência de C. cuniculorum encontrada em coelhos, e com o intuito de compreender se esta nova espécie poderia desempenhar um papel patogénico, um estudo sobre alguns factores de virulência foi realizado em 13 estirpes de C. cuniculorum (Capítulo 3). Embora esta nova espécie seja capaz de aderir, invadir, e exercer efeitos semelhantes à toxina de distensão citoletal (embora a um baixo título), a cdtB não foi detectada. Não houve uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a fonte de isolamento ou manifestação da doença e os factores de virulência estudados. A susceptibilidade aos antibióticos foi igualmente estudada, nas seguintes estirpes isoladas de coelhos: 29 de C. cuniculorum, ums de Campylobacter coli e 54 ide Escherichia coli (capítulo 4). Foi possível encontrar a resistência adquirida de C. cuniculorum à enrofloxacina, ciprofloxacina e eritromicina. O isolado de C. coli resultou susceptível a todos os agentes antimicrobianos testados e é considerada como uma estirpe de tipo selvagem. No entanto, a maioria das resistências foram encontrados em estirpes originárias do sistema intensivo/industrial. O mesmo foi verificado nas bactérias indicadoras (E. coli). Além disso, os isolados de E. coli mostraram uma elevada taxa de resistência a pelo menos um antibiótico (98.1%), e 30 fenótipos de antibiótico-resistência foram encontrados. Em conclusão, no decurso da presente tese uma nova espécie isolada de coelhos foi descrita, C. cuniculorum, e a respectiva prevalência foi estabelecida. Se bem que alguns factores de virulência foram analisados, são necessários mais estudos para compreender a potencial patogenicidade desta nova espécie. No entanto, a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana foi monitorada, tanto em C. cuniculorum como em bactérias indicadoras e a aquisição de resistência foi observada para alguns antibióticos, sugerindo um potencial papel na disseminação de antibiotico-resistência por parte das explorações de coelhos. Mais estudos são necessários para descrever e avaliar o eventual papel zoonótico de C. cuniculorum.