Boys‘love (BL) is originated from the Japanese comics. The phrase ―”boy‘s love” first appeared as a proper noun in the comics at an approximate time of 1966 in Japan. Most BL comics depicted hopeless love of boys. Then, the 1990s saw the emergence of new type of BL comics, namely 耽美 (Tanbi). Tanbi is a Japanese word, it can be attributed the same meaning as aestheticism. Tanbi comics showed a perfect scene to audiences within beautiful boys’ love, pleasure stories also end up with a comedy. The boys‘ love or nature love between boys is different from the circle of gay. BL is a kind of emotion always can only be seen in literary output due to its strict conditions. BL ought to be explained like this, a beautiful boy is falling love with somebody else, by coincidence, it is a beautiful boy. BL is more like a Platonic love, BL always give a picture of spiritual experiences of boys‘love but fewer sex. In other word, BL is just a kind of comic form. The researchers in Japanese comics always concentrated on its social influences, characteristics, conditions, etc. There is scarce any research touching on the comic forms. BL comics are a special component of the comics, and this form demonstrates a series of phenomenon in sociology. With an informal research, BL comics is now turning into a common fashionable comic form among the Asia regions. However, with great exchanges with other areas, there also exists a large number of BL comic fans in Mainland China, and most of them are young ladies. Given this background, BL is treated as an exclusive form to the young ladies, and it largely reflects values and tastes of these ladies. The findings of this thesis might provide insights into a desire understanding males and an expectation of a fathfully lover. Undeniably, Japanese people attain amazing achievements in many fields, the success of circulating BL products is one of them. To some extent, researching the circulation and consumption patterns of BL comics may reveal the great achievement of Japan in culture transmission. / published_or_final_version / Modern Languages and Cultures / Master / Master of Philosophy

Discussion. The epidemic of HIV/STD among MSM is severe, and the prevalence of risk sexual behaviors was at a high level among MSM in China. The risk factors for HIV/STD and factors associated with DAI reported in this study give some insights towards designing relevant prevention programs. The simplicity and feasibility of our effective intervention, enhanced VCT, makes it possible for this to be incorporated into standard VCT procedures. Further translational research is needed to investigate its effectiveness in the real-world setting. / Introduction. Men who have sex with men (MSM) have become the main group for HIV transmission in China in 2009. There have been many epidemiological cross-sectional studies targeting MSM in China in recent years. These provide limited data compared with cohort studies, which can describe the rate at which HIV/STD are spreading in a target population. Moreover, there is a dearth of intervention studies which are theory-based with rigorous research methodology in China. Last but not least, research is needed on sexual behaviors and their determinants, including cognitions from health behavioral theories, event-specific factors, etc. / Objectives. This study investigated the prevalence and incidence of HIV/STD, as well as their associated risk factors among MSM in Nanjing, China. It also explored the prevalence of unprotected anal sex (UAI) and the associated factors, including cognitions from health behavioral theories and event-specific factors. In addition, this is also one of the first studies to examine the efficacy of a randomized control trial (RCT) designed intervention, to use enhanced voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) to reduce UAI among MSM in China. / Results. The RDS-adjusted HIV, syphilis and HCV prevalence were respectively 7.3%, 14.4% and 0.2% at baseline. Of the 397 MSM who were found to be HIV seronegative at baseline, 286 (72.0%) retested at Month 6. HIV, syphilis and HCV incidence were respectively 5.12, 7.58 and 0 per 100 person-years (PY). Recruiting male sex partners mostly at saunas was the risk factor associated with being HIV seropositive at baseline (OR=3.84) and undergoing HIV/syphilis seroconversion at Month 6 (RR=2.351RR=6.72). In the RCT study, participants in the Intervention Group reported significantly less risk than those in the Control Group (UAI with any male sex partners: 48.4% vs. 66.7%;UAI with regular male sex partners: 52.2% vs. 68.9%) at Month 6. Furthermore, Perceived Behavior Control showed a significant association with DAI with both regular (AOR=0.42) and casual partners (AOR=O.73). / Subjects and Methods. A cohort study and randomized control trial were conducted. Out of 416 MSM approached by respondent driven sampling (RDS), 397 HIV negative participants were recruited to the HIV/syphilis/HCV cohort, and they were invited to return for a follow-up visit at Month 6. A subsample from the baseline cohort consisting of 307 MSM, was randomly assigned to either the Intervention Group (enhanced VCT) or the Control Group (standard VCT). Evaluation was conducted at Month 6. Both baseline and Month 6 visits consisted of VCT service and interviewing. Statistical methods such as Chi-square test, logistic regression and Poisson regression were used in this study. / Hao, Chun. / Adviser: Joseph TF Lan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-179). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendixes I-II also in Chinese.

每當提及中國古代男色關係時，閱史不深者 ，或未能打破「異性戀常規」的刻板印象，以為男色關係不曾存在於強調傳宗接代、褒揚孝道文化的中國傳統社會中；或習慣援引現代西方病理化同性戀的論述，將男色污名化，視之為少數人的反常嗜好。稍識其事者，能不致於偏聽權力知識所傳播的一種論述，知悉歷史上男色關係曾流行成風，卻僅憑表象，而無太多實證的情況下，論斷中國社會曾寬容對待男色關係，未察這種歸納委實過度簡單化，未能理解環繞男色所建立的關係複雜性。以本文所述的陳維崧及徐紫雲二人關係為例，即使能微觀男色關係的研究者亦多以陳維崧的文字為憑，復以情感層面的框架定位出男色關係，使其對男色關係的解讀不免流於主觀，亦欠卻對徐紫雲的主體性的關懷。 / 本文對應上述三種對男色關係的理解，回饋三種層次的知識：知從前所未知；對往昔一知半解者，豐富其所知；對已知者，復稽其所知。前緣部份，吐露筆者建基於在地性及人文關懷的研究動機。第一章解釋以男色命名關係的原由，及在前現代──現代─後現代、西方──東方的脈絡中，略陳前人研究的語境，並綜述其研究內容。第二章則透過彙整史料，呈示明末清初的男色生態，並探討造就該現象的時代因素。第三章講述陳維崧的生平故事。第四章除整理陳、徐二人的生平和交往，更討論「異性戀常規」如何令男色關係陷於失語的狀態。並關懷二人各自的主體性，更具深度地考量這段男色關係的性質及其操作。針對今日學界的論述如「冒襄笑遣雲郎乃完成了佔有權轉移」及「好男色者皆為雙性戀者」提出質疑。第五章聚焦於《九青圖詠》，以陳維崧與題詠者的交誼為觀察窗口，對題詠內容再作解讀，透析一種鮮有學者提及的客套之情，以豐富學界對箇中題詠立意的解釋，從而對時人對男色大都抱有欣賞之意的看法作出反思。第六章總結並歸納全文要點。 / When it comes to the nanse relationship in ancient Chinese society, people who hardly comprehend the context of history may well judge that there was no breeding ground for such relationship since Chinese culture places much emphasis on the continuation of one’s ancestral line and attaches much importance to filial piety. Meanwhile some people may tend to perceive such homosexual relationship as an abnormal behavior for the minority on the basis of modern western discourse of pathologized homosexuality, thus turning a blind eye to this stigmatized aspect. To those who somewhat understand the past, they might be able to extend their vision beyond what has been produced by the power knowledge, and thus would realize that there were various kinds of nanse relationships among different classes. They however might merely emphasize the popularity of the phenomena and conclude that such relationship was commonly tolerated. Such oversimplified argumentation would contribute to a kind of biased comprehension in which the nature of nanse relationship can by no means be concretely captured. Even to those who conduct micro study of nanse relationship, take my case of Chen Weisong and Xu Ziyun as an example, they usually capitalize on Chen’s literary works in discussing nanse relationship in terms of emotion regardless of the limitation of such subjective interpretation. And Less attention has been paid to the issue of Xu Ziyun’s subjectivity. / To remedy the above problem, this thesis is to produce three kinds of knowledge according to the aforementioned different levels of comprehension of nanse relationship, using the Chen-Xu relationship as a case to tell those without the knowledge of the history the neglected story, to inform those having half-baked knowledge, and to enrich the existing scholarship by reviewing the issue. To begin the thesis with a foreword, I declear my research motive which is related to a kind of local and humanistic concern. The first chapter explains the reasons for using nanse to name the male-male relationship in ancient Chinese society and reviews the previous studies in the Pre-Modern─Modern─Post-Modern and the West－East context. The second chapter shows the phenomenon of nanse relationship during late Ming and early Qing period and explicates its popularity. The third chapter introduces Chen Weisong’s life. The fourth chapter not only describes how Chen and Xu interacted, but also analyses how nanse relationship was misplaced owing to the operation of heteronormativity. In so doing, I provide the scholarship with an insight into Chen-Xu’s nanse relationship with emphasis on their subjectivities. In the midst of my argumentation, existing scholarly observations such as "Mao Xiang sent Ziyun to Chen to indicate the completion of shifting possession", "those immersing in Nanse are all bisexual," and so forth are challenged. The fifth chapter focuses on the picture Jiuqing tuyong and interprets the pomes on it by explicating the relationship between the poets and Chen, thus detecting a kind of civilities that existed among them. This discovery can enrich the existing scholarship concerning the poests’ objectives of writing the poems so as to respond to the question about their appreciation of nanse relationship. The sixth chapter concludes the thesis by highlighting the vital points mentioned in the previous chapters. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李俊威. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 257-273). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Li Junwei.