Objectives: This study aims to examine malocclusion traits of a racially diverse population to determine the validity of the malocclusion prevalence reported in the NHANES III survey. Additionally, the cephalometric database from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation Legacy Collection (AAOF-LC) was used for skeletal malocclusion prevalence. The sample used data collected at the Temple University orthodontic screening clinic (TUKSoD) from 2012-2020.Methods: Malocclusion prevalence of the TUKSoD population (n=7713) was compared to the NHANES III (n=7000) and AAOF-LC (n=1198) for dental and skeletal traits respectively. The TUKSoD population is 51.5% Black, 38% Hispanic, 2.7% White, 1.1% Asian, 0.2% American-Indian, and 1.1% other; age range 6-78 (mean 21.05±10.47), 60.4% females/39.6% males. The AAOF-LC is comprised primarily of Caucasian patients; age range 1-47, 48% females/52% males. The NHANES III survey included Black, Caucasian, and Mexican-American participants, with results weighted to represent American population demographics. Traits were compared in the transverse (dental), vertical (dental/skeletal), and sagittal (dental/skeletal) planes. Prevalence was recorded as percentage of the total population. Results: Significant differences were found for all dental comparisons: Sagittal (Class-I,II,III; p=8.59E-7), Vertical (Open-bite/Deep-bite; p=1.53E-13), and Transverse (crossbites). Significant differences were found for all skeletal comparisons: Sagittal (Class-I,II,III; p=5.38E-6), and Vertical (Open-bite/Deep-bite; p=8.89E-5). Conclusion: TUKSoD serves a diverse patient population which has significantly different skeletal and dental malocclusion prevalence compared to the control populations. These differences are likely the result of the genetic influences underlying the demographics. As the NHANES III and AAOF-LC represent common standards, comparison to genetically heterogenous contemporary populations is challenging, underscoring the need for more personalized approaches to determining malocclusion demographic characteristics. / Oral Biology

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This study sought to determine if the dental and oro-facial complex of cerebral palsied patients is different from that of the non-cerebral palsied. Twenty-six cerebral palsied patients between the ages of seven and 18 were examined. A history was taken and a data sheet was completed to record molar and cuspid relationships. The function of. the tongue and lips during swallow was also recorded. Cephalometric and hand and wrist radiographs were taken of each patient. The cephalometric measurements were statistically compared with the normative data of a non-cerebral palsied group. This analysis revealed the cranial flexure angle to be more acute and the gonial angle to be more obtuse. Comparison of the hand and wrist plates with normal standards did not show wide enough differences to conclude that cerebral palsied patients' skeletal age deviates from the chronological age. Although there was a difference in some cephalometric measurements, there is no evidence in this study to show that the incidence of malocclusion and the incidence of factors that contribute to malocclusion are found with greater frequency among cerebral palsied patients.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Indices to assess malocclusion have been developed for either rating the 'severity of malocclusion' or for prioritizing a patient's need for orthodontic treatment. Most of these indices evaluate the malocclusion through examination of one or two of the following diagnostic records: dental casts, photographs, or clinical exam. However, no prior research had attempted to incorporate all of the above pretreatment orthodontic diagnostic records routinely taken for treatment evaluation. Pretreatment records (dental casts, intra-oral photographs, extra-oral photographs, panoramic radiograph, and a cephalogram, of sufficient quality to be reliably assessed) of 50 completed subjects treated at IUSD Graduate Orthodontic Clinic were evaluated. Subject criteria were a complete set of pretreatment orthodontic records, white non-Hispanic descent in the permanent dentition, absence of any craniofacial anomalies and known pathology. The 3M Unitek TM cephalometric protractor and electronic digital calipers accurate to the nearest tenth of a millimeter were used for measurements. Thirty-six measurements (11 cephalometric, 4 panoramic, 13 dental cast, and 8 photographic) were scored and combined into a total score that represents the new index. The peer assessment rating index (PAR Index) and a subjective ranking of 3 experienced orthodontists (each having more than 20 years of clinical orthodontic experience) were completed on all subjects for determining validity of the new index. All scoring methods were repeated on a subset of 10 random subjects to determine reliability. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations for the ability of the new index to detect severity of malocclusion. Also, the study showed a higher correlation for the new index in representing the experts' rankings than did the PAR index. It is the conclusion of this investigation that the new index is a valid index of malocclusion that more closely reflects experienced orthodontists rankings than the PAR index.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A study was made comparing Japanese and Caucasian American Class II, Div. 1 malocclusions with respect to maxillary arch form and dento-skeletal patterns. For the arch form study, the maxillary casts of twenty Caucasian and eighteen Japanese individuals of comparable ages were evaluated. Dental arch indices were calculated for each individual and the mean values of the two groups were tested for significant difference. The Caucasian arches exhibited a more narrow tapering form than did the Japanese. In the second part of the study, eighteen Japanese and eighteen Caucasian American Class II, Div. 1 malocclusions were evaluated for differences in dento-facial architecture. Downs' radiographic cephalometric analytical procedure was used. Mental prominence was also measured using a technic which was described. It was found that the facial plan angle and mandibular plane angle in the Japanese group was more obtuse. The mental prominence in the Caucasian group was larger than in the Japanese group.

Objective: Malocclusion is a complex musculoskeletal trait, with muscle playing an integral role in vertical facial development. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) produces the R577XX nonsense mutation in the alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene, creating a stop codon and loss of its protein. With loss of ACTN3, alpha-actinin-2 (ACTN2) is upregulated. Calsarcins, known inhibitors of calcineurin activation, preferentially bind ACTN2 leading to a surge in free calcineurin. The increase in calcineurin activity produces the phenotypic shift of fast muscle fibers toward the slow myogenic program seen in the ACTN3 null genotype (Seto et al., 2013). Here, we have tested whether calsarcin gene expression is affected by ACTN3 genotypes in human masseter muscle. Methods: Subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery were recruited from the University of Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Northern France. During the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, masseter muscle samples were collected from the discarded section of deep anterior superficial masseter muscle, snap frozen, and shipped to Dr. Sciote’s lab at Temple University. RNA from masseter muscle samples was isolated from 41 subjects using TRIzolTM reagent. MYOZ gene expression was quantified by RT-PCR using an adult skeletal muscle reference standard (commercially prepared skeletal muscle RNA; Ambion, Inc), and individual primer-probe sets for MYOZ1, MYOZ2, MYOZ3, and HPRT1 (utilized for normalization of data). ANOVA and unpaired t-tests were used to determine the significance of expression differences between MYOZ genes and by ACTN3 R577X genotypes, as well as by malocclusion classes. Pearson analyses were used to determine correlations between MYOZ expression and fiber type mean percent occupancies. Results: The main aim of this project was to determine whether expression of the three calsarcin genes, MYOZ1, 2, and 3, differs between subjects with RR, RX and XX genotypes for the ACTN3 gene, as well as between sagittal and vertical classes of malocclusion, asymmetries and TMD. Differences were found for MYOZ3 expression where relative quantities in males, but not females, decreased progressively from the ACTN3 RR, to RX, and XX genotypes. Among subjects with the RX genotype, expression differed significantly between males and females by an unpaired t-test. A statistically significant difference was detected between MYOZ2 and Class II, Class III malocclusions (p=0.05). Sagittal differences were compared further by ANOVA analyses with a statistically significant difference detected for MYOZ3 with a probability of 0.02. Correlation analyses comparing fiber type mean % occupancy with calsarcin gene expression revealed a significant positive relationship between MYOZ2 and type I (slow-twitch) fibers. Correspondingly, a significant correlation of MYOZ2 expression with type IIA and IIX (fast-twitch) fibers was negative. Conclusions: The greatest relative quantity of RNA for the three calsarcin genes was found in MYOZ3, suggesting more calsarcin-3 may be needed in masticatory muscle structure and function than other calsarcin isoforms. Alternatively, high expression of MYOZ3 in the masseter samples may indicate that there are relatively greater amounts of that isoform in cranial muscle than in the limb skeletal muscle standard used in these studies. Also, relative quantities of MYOZ3 expression in males decreased progressively from the ACTN3 RR, to RX, and XX genotypes. While this data may suggest that the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism may affect MYOZ3 expression in males of the malocclusion patient population, an increased sample of male subjects would be needed to determine if this trend has true significance. Expression of MYOZ2 (calsarcin-1) was strongly correlated with slow fiber-type occupancy in masseter muscle of our patient population. The muscle-specific expression of each calsarcin may lend to the understanding of this result. MYOZ2 is the only isoform found in both cardiac muscle and slow-twitch skeletal muscle, while MYOZ1 and MYOZ3 are both found in skeletal muscle with a predilection towards fast-twitch skeletal muscle (Frey et al., 2004). / Oral Biology

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 155 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-124).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 290 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-196).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 204 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-139).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1970.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1999. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.