Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1974. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-205). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Control of PDD in dairy herds in the United States is essential for maximizing animal health, production, and profitability. A survey was conducted to determine use of footbaths on dairy farms in Northeastern NY and VT. The survey found, significantly more farms were using footbaths than were not (71 versus 27 farms, respectively). Copper sulfate (n = 59) was most frequently reported product used and footbath waste was disposed of to manure storage by 83.8% of farms. Research was conducted to examine these animal management and waste disposal practices on crop growth, soil, and manure storage. Greenhouse studies were conducted with objectives of determining effects of application of high Cu dairy manure on growth and quality of forage grasses and effect of excess of Cu applied from dairy manure on soil Cu concentrations. In 3 experiments, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and timothy (Phleum pretense L.), were tested. Treatments were 0, 5.6, and 11.2 kg Cu/ha from CuSO4 in dairy manure that was incorporated into a sandy loam (Study 1 and 2) or a silt loam (Study 2) soil. Study 3 evaluated 0, 27.1, 54.3, and 81.4 kg/ha of Cu incorporated in a silt loam soil. Two years of research were conducted with the objectives of evaluating effects of the application of dairy manure with high Cu concentrations on growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) for silage and soil Cu concentrations. Treatments were 0, 9.12, and 18.23 kg Cu/ha and were applied to the same plots in 2006 and 2007. The 3 treatment were tested on early and late maturity corn hybrids. Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of excess Cu on manure in storage. Study 1 was conducted in the summer of 2006 to examine the effects over time of excess Cu on stored manure. Study 2 was conducted in the summer of 2007 to examine the effects of excess Cu on manure after 2 weeks of storage and subsequent effects of application to orchardgrass, timothy, reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Finally, soils collected from all research projects were used to evaluate the relationship of the extraction of Cu by CaCl2, Modified Morgan’s, and Mehlich-3 to total Cu measured by nitric acid digestion, soil CEC (meq/100g), SOM (%), and Cu applications. From the greenhouse studies it was found that orchardgrass appeared to be more tolerant to high Cu application from dairy manure than timothy and root Cu concentration was consistently higher than shoot Cu concentration. Two annual applications of high-Cu dairy manure had no effects on growth, yield, or composition of corn. There was no evidence of vertical movement of Cu in the soil after 2 annual applications to corn. Copper treatments did not change manure composition and did not change manure differently over time. Total bacterial counts were not affected by increasing the Cu concentration in the manure. The concentration of available Cu in the manure increased as the Cu treatment and total Cu in the manure increased. A single application of high Cu manure did not affect the yield or quality of orchardgrass, timothy, reed canarygrass, or alfalfa that it was applied to. As reported in other research the Cu concentration of alfalfa was higher than that of the grasses. Overall, Cu application rate has a large affect on the measure of Cu concentration in the soil and the strongest relationship to Cu extracted by Mehlich-3. The Mehlich-3 and Modified Morgan’s extractions are both good predictors of Cu extracted by CaCl2. Mehlich-3 is a very good predictor of Cu extracted by Modified Morgan’s.

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Traditional application methods in which manure is simply broadcast on the soil surface are being replaced by innovative methods that place the manure in the soil in bands, potentially increasing efficiency of manure nutrient utilization by crops and reducing losses to the environment. Limited information exists on the pools and mobility of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in soils receiving repeated applications of animal manure using different application methods. The overall objective of the thesis research is to determine the fate of manure nutrients applied using new subsurface banding technology, as it affects crop response and uptake, residual nutrients in the soil, and transport (lateral and vertical) by water off-site. Specific objectives were: 1) to determine yield response to solid cattle manure (SCM) and the recovery of SCM and liquid hog manure (LHM) P and N using broadcast manure placement and new subsurface banding technology, 2) to determine the amount of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and N that is transported in snowmelt water moving across soils receiving different rates and methods of application of manure, and 3) to determine the amount and proportion of SRP and N that are transported downward in a SCM amended soil profile with leaching water as influenced by manure rate and placement. In-soil placement of SCM in bands had a small impact on improving crop yield and nutrient uptake in a 3 year crop rotation in east-central Saskatchewan compared to broadcast, and broadcast and incorporate application strategies. In-soil placement of manure was also not effective in reducing P and N export in snowmelt water. Export of P and N downward in leachate water in intact cores was increased by in-soil manure placement, especially when placed in bands. This is attributed to reduced fixation of manure N and P and enhanced solubilization when manure is placed in soil in bands versus a broadcast application. Overall, nutrient export was significantly lower in frozen versus thawing soils, and export of P in soils receiving liquid hog manure was much less than in soils receiving solid cattle manure which is attributed to the higher P content in cattle manure.

A race track type oxidation ditch with a disc aerator was constructed on a model scale. Tests were conducted in deionized water to study the effect of some disc design parameters and system operating parameters on the oxygen transfer rate was affected by the disc speed, disc thickness, hole diameter, immersion depth and number of discs operated in parallel. / The effect of the manure concentration on the microbial growth was investigated in a batch culture operation. High manure concentration had an inhibitory effect on the microbial growth. / Data from batch culture operation were used to design a continuous culture operation. The latter was used to evaluate the concept of minimal aeration of swine manure for odor control. The effluent quality (as measured by odor level and the concentrations of COD, nitrogenous componds and solids) was dependent on the initial manure concentration and on the retention time. The effluent from the ditch was free of offensive odor and can be spread on land without causing odor pollution problem.

Incubation mixtures of liquid hog manure (LHM), with and without monocalcium phosphate (MCP) were added to an Ormstown silty clay loam and a Ste. Rosalie clay. Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was cultivated in a pot study in order to determine yield, total P uptake and soil P content as affected by various P and manure treatments. / Aeration of LHM with MCP was successful in reducing ammonia volatilization by 62.4%. However, for both soils, neither of the treatments; LHM amended and aerated with MCP and applied at 32 t ha$ sp{-1}$ LHM containing 513 kg $ rm P sb2O sb5 ha sp{-1}$ from MCP nor LHM aerated without MCP applied at 32 t ha$ sp{-1}$ LHM, plus 513 kg $ rm P sb2O sb5 ha sp{-1}$ from MCP, significantly affected ryegrass yields compared to the lone addition of MCP fertilizer (513 kg $ rm P sb2O sb5 ha sp{-1}).$ Total P uptake in ryegrass was significantly higher for the incubated treatments in the Ste. Rosalie soil alone. / Although additions of LHM or MCP and LHM-MCP combinations affected Mehlich-III and Hedley P fractions, the incubation of MCP with LHM did not significantly increase either inorganic- or organic-P fractions when compared to MCP alone. Therefore, premixing MCP with the LHM had no effect on improving P availability in either the Ormstown or Ste. Rosalie soils.

Liquid hog manure (LHM) obtained from the Macdonald College farm was used in experiments aimed at (a) reducing the odor associated with LHM during handling and (b) conserving the fertilizer capacity of LHM. Various chemical treatments and sphagnum moss (SM) were evaluated to achieve the above objectives. Direct acidification to $<$ pH 5.0, sphagnum moss (SM) and its combination with aluminum sulfate (AS) resulted in significant (p $<$ 0.05) reduction in ammonia losses during storage of LHM. The SM and SM/AS combination also significantly (p $<$ 0.05) reduced both odor presence and offensiveness. Gas chromatographic (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis indicated the absence of certain malodor compounds and lower peak areas of certain compounds in the SM and SM/AS treatments when compared to the controls. Investigations with barley seeding revealed that treatments which reduced the malodor of the LHM did not significantly (p $<$ 0.05) affect the nitrogen fertilization capacity of the LHM, as indicated by plant dry matter yield.

The diploma thesis deals with the structural design of a solid manure spreader and the subsequent strength control of self-supporting construction. The introduction of the work consists of a research analysis of current design solutions of spreaders on the market with similar parameters as in the assignment. Subsequent chapters deal with the conceptual design of the spreader, preparation of the calculation model, suitable replacement of the components and evaluation of the strength analysis itself. The diploma thesis is accompanied by partial drawing documentation. The work was created in cooperation with ZDT Nové Veselí.

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