A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune gastrointestinal disorder that has been well studied amongst non‐Hispanic white populations. Data specifically describing the disease in the U.S. Hispanic population is limited and available studies that do report prevalence and incidence within this population reveal discrepancies. The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence of CD and to define common presenting symptoms in Hispanics in Phoenix, AZ. Data was collected via a retrospective chart review from Maricopa Integrated Health System (MIHS), an organization caring for a patient population that is >50% Hispanic, between 2004‐2013. The study population is both adult and pediatric patients that had received the ICD‐9 code 579.0. The total number of non‐repeat patients seen at MIHS each year between 2004‐2013 was also determined and broken down by race for incidence calculations. During this 10‐year period, 29 total patients were diagnosed with CD at MIHS. The overall yearly incidence increased from 1 in 44,011 patients in 2004 to 1 in 27,948 in 2013. Of the 29 diagnosed, 52% were Caucasian, 34% Hispanic, 7% Asian and 7% African American. The yearly incidence in Hispanic patients also increased from 0 in 2004 to 1 in 58,302 in 2007 to 1 in 25,826 in 2013. Although diagnosis was greater in females of both races, Hispanic patients were diagnosed at a younger age than Caucasians (22 vs. 31 y/o, respectively). The most common diagnostic approach was serological testing combined with duodenal biopsy. The 3 most common gastrointestinal presenting symptoms in Caucasians were diarrhea, abdominal pain and nausea/vomiting, while those in Hispanics were constipation, bloating/abdominal distention and diarrhea. At the time of diagnosis, at least 1/3rd of both Caucasian and Hispanic patients had presented with another autoimmune disorder. Other associated conditions were neurological symptoms and iron‐deficiency anemia. Data from this study suggests that CD in the Hispanic population may be more common in Phoenix than the overall population in the U.S. as described in the literature. It also suggests that Hispanic patients may have different presenting symptoms than do Caucasians. The reason behind the increase in CD incidence in Hispanics is unclear, although increased physician awareness and diagnosis may play a role. Further research and awareness of CD in the Hispanic population may be necessary to optimize diagnosis & treatment of the condition.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

No description available.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

No description available.

No description available.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

Four fields of 117 ha area located at the University of Arizona's Maricopa Agricultural Center were selected for this study. Two soil series, the Casa Grande sandy clay loam and Trix clay loam occur. Surface samples (0-25 cm) were collected on a 98 m interval and 3 rows providing 47 sites per field. Sites were classified either as surveying (32) or testing (15) in each of the four fields. Additional samples at 25-50, 50-75, 75-100, and 100-125 cm were obtained with duplicate surface undisturbed cores at 5 sites per field. Soil parameters include bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, moisture retention, particle size analysis, pH, EC, soluble cations, SAR, and ESP. A quantification of the spatial interdependence of samples was developed based on the variogram of soil parameters. A linear model was best fitted to the clay, EC, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, SAR and ESP, and a spherical model to the sand, silt, pH, and K⁺ observed variograms. A comparison of variograms obtained conventionally and with the robust estimation of Cressie and Hawkins (1980) for sand and Ca²⁺ were performed with a fixed couples number per class and with a fixed class size. Additionally, a negative log-likelihood function along with cross-validation criteria were used with the jackknifing method to validate and determine variogram parameters. Three interpolation techniques have been compared for estimating 11 soil properties at the test sites. The techniques include Arithmetic Mean, Inversely Weighted Average, and Kriging with various numbers of neighbor estimates. Using 4 point estimates resulted in nearly identical results, but the 8 point estimates gave more contrast for results among the alternative techniques. Jackknifing was used with 4, 8, 15, 25 neighbors for estimating 188 points of sand and Ca²⁺ with the three techniques. Sand showed a definite advantage of Kriging by lowering the Mean Square Error with increasing neighbor number. The simple interpolator Arithmetic Mean was comparable and sometimes even better than the other techniques. Kriging, the most complex technique, was not the absolute best interpolator over all situations as perhaps expected. The spatial dependence for the 11 soil variables was studied by preparing contour maps by punctual Kriging. Sand and Ca²⁺ were also mapped by block Kriging estimates.

Dry and wet fine earth spectral measurements were made on the Ap soil surface horizons on the Maricopa Agricultural Center by using a Barnes Modular Multiband Radiometer. Three subsets were used in the analyses 552, 101 and 11. There were three soil series, Casa Grande, Shontik and Trix, four soil mapping units, and three texture classes identified on the farm. The wet soil condition reduced the amplitude of the spectral curves over the entire spectrum range (0.45 to 2.35 μm). The spectral curves were statistically related to the soil mapping units to determine if the soil mapping units and texture classes could be separated. The wet soil condition and the smaller sample size increased the correct classification percentages for soil mapping units and texture classes. LSD tests showed there were significant differences between these groups. Simple- and Multiple-linear regression analysis were used to relate some soil physical (sand, silt and clay contents and color components) and chemical (iron oxide, organic carbon and calcium carbonate contents) to soil spectral responses in the seven bands under dry and wet conditions. There were high correlations levels among the spectral bands showing an overlap of spectral information. Generally, the red (MMR3) and near-infrared (MMR4) bands had the highest correlations with the studied soil properties under dry and wet conditions. Usually, the wet soil condition resulted in higher correlations than that for the dry soil condition over the total spectrum range. The predictive equations for sand, silt and clay and iron oxide contents were satisfactory. For organic carbon and color components, the greatest success was achieved when variation in spectral response within individual samples are smaller than that between soil mapping unit group averages. There was a poor relation between calcium carbonate and spectral response. A comparison of multi-level remotely sensed data collected by SPOT, aircraft, and ground instruments showed a strong agreement among the data sets, which correlated well to fine earth data, except for the SPOT data. Rough soil surfaces showed a reduction in reflectance altitude compared to laser level, and it appears to be directly proportional to the percent shadow in the viewing area measured by SPOT satellite and aircraft.

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / Since inmates are a population disproportionately affected by HIV, correctional settings are important sites for delivering HIV services. The Maricopa county (Phoenix Area) jail system is the 4th largest in the nation. In 2011, the Maricopa County Correctional Health Service implemented an opt‐out HIV screening program for individuals booked into the Maricopa County Jails (MCJ). The aims of this study were to determine for the years 2012‐2014: • The number of inmates screened for HIV • The HIV positivity rate • The number of newly diagnosed patients • The clinical characteristics of the newly diagnosed HIV positive patients Five to seven days after booking, inmates are offered HIV screening. These laboratory records were used to determine the number of inmates tested and positivity. Prior history of previous HIV diagnosis was obtained from Maricopa public health records. Retrospective chart review of the MCJ health and case management records, including Ryan White forms, was performed to gather gender, age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, drug use, homelessness and co‐morbidities of newly HIV‐infected persons, such as Hepatitis C and prior STDs. Categorical factors were compared between groups with the Chi‐square test. Means were compared using a standard t test. P values ≤0.05 were considered significant. A total of 319,575 persons were booked and 46,346 were screened (14.5%) for HIV during the study period. The majority of booked inmates were male (76.9%) and Caucasian (50.8%). The mean age of inmates was 36 years. There were 70 newly HIV‐diagnosed patients. Chi squared and t tests comparing newly diagnosed individuals to the general jail population revealed statistical significance for male gender (p=0.02), African American race (p=0.04), and age (p=0.003). Undiagnosed HIV, including AIDS (CD4 counts <200), is an important issue among individuals booked into the MCJ. Compared to the general jail population, HIV is more likely to be diagnosed in males rather than females, younger patients, and African‐American patients. Additionally, IV drug use, polysubstance abuse, other STDs (particularly syphilis), high risk sexual activity, Hepatitis C and homelessness were common among HIV positive patients. Surveillance should be continued and include more patient education on the importance of screening. Furthermore, targeting high‐risk populations may result in even greater numbers of individuals being diagnosed and treated. Within the next year, all patients at the MCJ will also be offered screening for Hepatitis C, chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis. This may also result in more patients agreeing to be screened, and subsequently diagnosed with HIV.