Energy harvesting is becoming increasingly important in low-power applications where energy from the environment is used to power the system alone, or to supplement a battery. For example, pulse oximeter sensors inside helmets of road racing cyclists are powered by the sun. These sensors have become smaller and more practical without the limitation of a finite energy supply. Harvested energy from an energy transducer (solar, piezoelectric, etc.) must be maximized to ensure these devices can survive periods where environmental energy is scarce. The conversion process from the transducer to usable power for the device is not perfectly efficient. Specifically, the output voltage of a solar cell is a function of the light intensity, and by extension the load it powers. A small perturbation of the light source quickly diminishes the available power. The wasted power reduces the energy available for the application, and can be improved using an approach called maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This technique maximizes harvesting efficiency by dynamically impedance matching the transducer to its load. This report introduces the Maximum Efficient Solar Harvester (MESH), an MPPT algorithm tuned for a specific Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) application. MESH specifically controls the operation of the DC-DC converter in a solar power management unit (PMU). The control is done by monitoring the available light and feeding that information to choose the optimal operating point DC-DC converter. This operating point has a direct dependency on the overall efficiency of the system. For MESH to be practical, the cost and power overhead of adding this functionality must be assessed. Empirical results indicate that MESH improves the maximum efficiency of the popular Texas Instruments (TI) RF2500-SEH WSN platform by an average of 20%, which far exceeds the power overhead it incurs. The cost is also found to be minimal, as WSN platforms already include a large portion of the hardware required to implement MESH. The report was done in collaboration with Shahil Rais. It covers the hardware components and the bench automation environment; Rais's companion report focuses on software implementation and MESH architecture definition. / text

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία προσομοιώθηκε μέσω του προγράμματος Simulink ένα φωτοβολταϊκό σύστημα το οποίο αποτελούνταν από ένα φωτοβολταϊκό πλαίσιο των 60W, έναν DC/DC μετατροπέα Buck-Boost και ένα φορτίο. Στη συνέχεια εφαρμόσθηκαν τέσσερις διαφορετικές μέθοδοι ελέγχου στο φωτοβολταϊκό σύστημα με στόχο να λειτουργεί στο σημείο απόδοσης μέγιστης ισχύος (MPP) και συγκρίναμε τα αποτελέσματα της κάθε μια μεθόδου. Οι μέθοδοι που εφαρμόσθηκαν ήταν η μέθοδος Ανοιχτού Κυκλώματος (Open Voltage Method), η μέθοδος Διαταραχής και Παρατήρησης (Perturb and Observe Method), η μέθοδος Διαφορικής Αγωγιμότητας (Incremental Conductance) και προτείναμε και μια βελτιωμένη μέθοδο Διαταραχής και Παρατήρησης (Improved Perturb and Observe Method). / In this diploma thesis a photovoltaic system was simulated with the program Simulink. The photovoltaic system consisted of a photovoltaic panel of 60W, a buck-boost DC/DC converter and a load. Then four different control methods where applied so that the photovoltaic system would operate at the maximum power point (MPP) and the results of each control method were compared. The control methods which were applied were the Open Voltage Method, the Perturb and Observe Method, the Incremental Conductance Method and we proposed an improved Perturb and Observe Method.

The yield from a solar photovoltaic (PV) source is dependent on factors such as light and temperature. A control system called a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) ensures that the yield from a solar PV source is maximized in spite of these factors. This thesis presents a novel implementation of a perturb and observe (PO) MPPT. The implementation uses a switched capacitor step down converter and a custom digital circuit implementation of the PO algorithm. Working in tandem, the switched capacitor step down converter and the custom digital circuit implementation were able to successfully track the maximum power point of a simulated solar PV source. This implementation is free of the overhead encountered with general purpose processor based MPPT implementations. This makes this MPPT system a valid candidate for applications where general purpose processors are undesirable. This document will begin by discussing the current state of MPPT research. Afterward, this thesis will present studies done to be able to use the chosen switched capacitor step down converter. Then the digital circuit PO implementation will be discussed in detail. Simulations of the architecture will be presented. Finally, experimental validation using a hardware prototype will be shown.

Electrical energy is used at approximately the rate of 15 Terawatts world-wide. Generating this much energy has become a primary concern for all nations. There are many ways of generating energy among which the most commonly used are non-renewable and will extinct much sooner than expected. Very active research is going on both to increase the use of renewable energy sources and to use the available energy with more efficiency. Among these sources, solar energy is being considered as the most abundant and has received high attention. The mobile phone has become one of the basic needs of modern life, with almost every human being having one.Individually a mobile phone consumes little power but collectively this becomes very large. This consideration motivated the research undertaken in this masters thesis. The objective of this thesis is to design a model for solar power based charging circuits for mobile phone using Simulink(R). This thesis explains a design procedure of solar power based mobile charger circuit using Simulink(R) which includes the models for the photo-voltaic array, maximum power point tracker, pulse width modulator, DC-DC converter and a battery. The first part of the thesis concentrates on electron level behavior of a solar cell, its structure and its electrical model.The second part is to design an array of solar cells to generate the desired output. Finally, the third part is to design a DC-DC converter which can stabilize and provide the required input to the battery with the help of the maximum power point tracker and pulse width modulation. The obtained DC-DC converter is adjustable to meet the requirements of the battery. This design is aimed at charging a lithium ion battery with nominal voltage of 3.7 V, which can be taken as baseline to charge different types of batteries with different nominal voltages.