Objective: Medicine administration is the last process of the medication cycle. However, errors can happen during this process. Children are at an increased risk from these errors. This has been extensively investigated but evidence is lacking on effective interventions. Therefore, the aim of this research is to propose safety measures to reduce medication administration errors (MAE) in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Method: The research was carried out over five studies; 1) systematic literature review, 2) national survey of PICU medication error interventions, 3) retrospective analysis of medication error incidents, 4) prospective observation of the administration practice, and 5) survey of PICU healthcare professionals' opinions on MAE contributory factors and safety measures. Results: Hospital MAE in children found in literature accounted for a mean of 50% of all reported medication error reports (n= 12552). It was also identified in a mean of 29% of doses observed (n= 8894). This study found MAE retrospectively in 43% of all medication incidents (n= 412). Additionally, a total of 269 MAEs were observed (32% per dose observation). The characteristics of the interventions used to reduce MAE are diverse but it illustrated that a single approach is not enough. Also for an intervention to be a success it is fundamental to build a safety culture. This is achieved by developing a culture of collaborative learning from errors without assigning blame. Furthermore, MAE contributing factors were found to include; interruptions, inadequate resources, working conditions and no pre-prepared infusions. The following safety measures were proposed to reduce MAE; 1) dose banding, 2) improved lighting conditions, 3) decision support tool with calculation aid, 4) use of pre-prepared infusions, 5) enhance the double-checking process, 6) medicine administration checklist, and 7) an intolerant culture to interruption. Conclusion: This is one of the first comprehensive study of to explore MAE in PICU from different perspectives. The aim and objectives of the research were fulfilled. Future research includes the need to implement the proposed safety measures and evaluate them in practice.

受刑人假釋出獄，係從機構內（監獄）矯正移轉至機構外（社區）矯正，其關係著矯政體系「危險的轉移」，更關係著社會「治安的良窳」。雖然人道主義、行刑社會化與受刑人基本人權之保障是現代法治國家所共識，亦為執行刑罰的指導原則。但是，和諧社會的穩定，必須兼顧犯罪人、被害人及社會三方面利益的維護。當社區矯正制度之法制與社會客觀環境無法完全契合，勢必衝擊社會和諧。因此，面對急遽變化的社會環境，社區矯正工作應講求其務實可行，而不是倡導犯罪人人道主義或完整復健的高調。社區矯正制度為維護社會穩定的重要關鍵，面對急遽變化的社會，兩岸皆應檢討現行社區矯正相關法規制度，以建構本土化的社區矯正制度。 臺灣地區假釋中付保護管束之社區矯正制度已行之有年，法律制度雖具基礎，但因在法律適用之爭議中，人權論者間有力主保障犯罪人人權，而輕忽社會安全。而政府有關部門或有忙於政治盤算、各自為政，而因應無力，加以少數基層執法人員怠於執行（處分）公務之態度，社會公安怎能令人滿意。因而培養執法人員之專業知識、敬業精神及樂業態度，強化對假釋受刑人之風險管理與危機管理，修法簡化假釋程序並完善法律，以建構完整之司法權與假釋制度，係維護社會治安之重要關鍵。 大陸地區，深知和諧的社會，有賴法律制度的支撐與執政者的態度，假釋之社區矯正制度即為社會和諧穩定的基礎。大陸地區目前猶無社區矯正專法，社區矯正制度起步較晚，有關社區矯正工作，主要依據為最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部、司法部聯合發布之「關於開展社區矯正試點工作的通知」，其通知係屬規章性質，雖為權宜措施與政策之宣示，但其為求事權統一，中央令示統合相關部門，全力推動社區矯正工作。目前各試點地區仍在摸索中前進，且限於經濟發展與教育文化較高之東部、中部及西部等地區，而城市及農村之客觀環境、條件不同，對大陸地區整體而言，在深化試點、總結經驗的同時，社區矯正制度的落實，除制定「社區矯正法」，以作為執行社區矯正工作之依據外，仍有待執政當局持續努力與時間的檢驗。 關鍵詞：假釋、保護管束、保安處分、社區矯正、施行區域 / How well the parole returns to his/her community relates to both the danger transiting from prison to community and the public security. The humanitarianism, socializing penalty and guarantee of the inmates’ basic human rights are recognized by the modern society, and also guiding principle for executing penalty. However, a stable and harmonious society, must take care of maintaining benefits of the criminals, the victims and the society at the same time. A community correctional system unable to match the social environment will definitely affect the social harmony. Therefore, facing rapid changing social environment, the community correctional system has to be as practical as it is focusing on criminal humanity and the complete recovery. The community correctional system is the key issue for social stability, facing the rapid changing society, both China and Taiwan should review their regulations carefully in order to establish a localizing community correctional system. In Taiwan, community-based correctional system for adult probation has been implemented for decades, with legal system. However, discussion still arises on how human rights of prisoners are guaranteed without ignoring social security. People are not so satisfied with the public security partly caused by the government’s hesitation to respond or ineffective bureaucracy or some basic personnel performing their jobs with a unprofessional manner. Thus, the key to maintain public security is assisting the personnel to enhance specialized knowledge, respect for and willing to work, strengthening risk management and crisis management regarding the parolee, and simplifying procedures and constructing a integrated parole system. China fully realizes the harmonious society depending on the legal system and Authorities’ manners. Community-based correctional system for adult probation is the cornerstone for a harmonious and stable society. Unlike Taiwan, China still has no special regulations on community correctional system. The main basis is "A notice for developing the experimental site regarding community correction ", jointly issued by the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of Justice. This notice serves as an expedient strategy, but also as a national order for unification and cooperation from the relevant departments. At present these experimental sites, mostly restricted in the economically, educationally and culturally developed areas, are still moving forward. Even though differences exist between city and the suburb, speaking of China as a whole, the authorities have to compile and utilize the experiences of the experimental sites, so that “the law for community–based correctional system for adult probation” will be established and carried out with continual examination. Key：Parole、protection controls、measures of safety、community–based corrections、implementing area

There is a renewed fücus on active modes of transportation given their multiple advantages, whether für human health or the environment in general. Interest has grown especially in 2020 after the COVID-19 pandemic, when several cities quicldy implemented temporary facilities for walking and cycling in the context of physical distancing. Several measures piggyback.ed on existing programs such as the Montreal initiative for complete streets ('rues conviviales' or 'social/festive streets'') that selects streets each year für pilot projects and a final design implementation over a three-year period This resulted in seasonal pedestrianization of about ten streets each year since 2020. Though active transportation brings together pedestrians and cyclists und.er a large umbrella, these users have very different characteristics and tbere may be conflicts of use if mixed in tbe same space. Cycling is thus generally forbidden on pedestrian streets. Despite these rules, there is cycling traffic on pedestrian streets as cyclists also enjoy car-free facilities, especially when pedestrian traffic is low, which generates complaints by pedestrians. To reconcile and help botb categories of users coexist, two Montreal boroughs tried a new rule in the Summer of 2021, to 1et cyclists bik.e at walldng speed on pedestrian streets while avoiding conflicts with pedestrians. There are few studies on cyclist-pedestrian interactions, and, to the best ofthe authors' knowledge, none on interactions in pedestrian streets. This work aims to study the coexistence or cohabitation of pedestrians and cyclists in several pedestrian streets through video-based analysis. Data were collected at several sites and on several days during the Summer of 2021 along three different pedestrian streets, two of them. allowing cycling, to assess how cyclists and pedestrians interact, whether cycling is allowed or not.