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Bullying is a behaviour that is becoming increasingly common in schools and there is evidence to suggest it can begin during the kindergarten years. However, there is a gap in the research for bullying among children aged under 7 years. The focus of the present study was on school-aged children aged 5 to 7 years. The aim was to determine whether children in this age group could reliably report on their own experiences of bullying and if so, could a self-report interview measure be developed to reliably identify bullying in this age group. The results indicate that the children in this study were able to report bullying experiences and how this made them feel, but they were not able to report on the timing, nor the frequency of the bullying. This could be due to factors such as their age and cognitive development and the school’s pro-active anti-bullying policy. Future research could further develop this self-report measure and pilot with a larger population in the hope that it could be used as a regular screening tool for 5- to 7-year-old children in schools.

The efficacy of Motivational Interviewing (MI), like other evidence-based counselling interventions, relies on the skills of the practitioner. Therefore, it is imperative that such practitioners receive sufficient training in order to successfully implement the method. Hence, it is important to ensure a given training programme has been effective through the use of reliable and valid measures of knowledge and skill acquisition. The Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code (MITI) is one such measure of MI skill attainment; however its use is labour intensive and requires the submission of in-session trainee audio recordings. Other measures of MI skill or knowledge also exist which may be more practical for evaluating training programmes. However, these measures are under researched and are therefore rarely utilised across the MI training literature. The present research is an investigation of the psychometric properties of the Motivational Interviewing Knowledge and Attitudes Test (MIKAT), a test of MI knowledge and attitudes, and the Video Assessment of Simulated Encounters–Revised (VASE-R), a test of MI skill attainment through the use of video to simulate encounters with clients. The measures were administered during a training programme for staff of Child Youth and Family services (CYFs) New Zealand. The results suggest that the MIKAT and VASE-R are sensitive to the effects of training. However, it appeared both measures require refinement and possibly restructuring to make them more consistent with the most recent MI developments.

The overall objective of this thesis is to compare and contrast alternative measures of wellbeing in New Zealand during the 19th -early 20th centuries from a spatial perspective by collecting, collating and analyzing new economic, social and anthropometric data. Provincial data was collected from the Statistics New Zealand Annual Reports and New Zealand Census. Anthropometric data was derived from the personnel records of New Zealanders serving in WWI, which only became available to the public in 2005. Time-series tests for convergence and causality have been applied to analyze New Zealand’s economic history, where appropriate. The last quarter of the 19th century in New Zealand was a period of rapid change both in terms of economic and demographic indicators. Prior to the universal convergence of the existing monetary-based measures of wellbeing across Provinces, there were some apparent disparities in the commodity price and real wage series, as well as urban-rural differences in occupation-specific real wages and infant mortality trends. There was also no single pattern of stature decline across provinces during 1871-1898, or between urban and rural areas, where disparities were particularly apparent. The traditional view of the healthy and wealthy New Zealand could only be established at an aggregate level, during a certain time period and for a certain ethnic group (New Zealand European only). Using Provincial data for the period 1874-1919 I have been able to show that improvements in real wages and a decrease in education inequality (between females and males) corresponded to lower infant deaths and thus better health outcomes, while increased dwelling density created unfavorable conditions for infants’ chances of survival. Anthropometric data was used in conjunction with socio-economic provincial data to establish the relationship between stature, urbanization, real wages and infant mortality. The results showed that dwelling density (overcrowding) and general economic conditions were both important in determining stature outcomes during 1870-1900, while the effect of infant mortality on stature was negligible. Most importantly, it has been demonstrated that in New Zealand stature represents a much more robust measure of living standards than real wages or health indicators on their own, at least during the 1870-1900 period.

Potential lacustrine source rocks have been recognised in several Cretaceous syn-rift basins including the producing Taranaki Basin, but have not been officially recognised from drill core and seismic data. The late-Cretaceous Paparoa Coal Measures contain three lacustrine mudstone formations which outcrop in several localities and have been extensively drilled for coal mining. These formations are considered to be an easily accessible analogue for late-Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks in New Zealand and also provide valuable information regarding syn-depositional tectonics and basin formation during the late-Cretaceous. Stratigraphic columns and isopach maps were constructed from field work and drill hole descriptions and results showed variations in lithofacies across the basin. The western side of the basin is characterised by sandy lithofacies, abundant proximal turbidites and debris flows. The transition to a sub-aerial environment is marked by thick conglomerate and meter wide rip-up clasts. The central and eastern sections of the basin show massive mudstone, distal turbidites, low energy fluvial sandstones and thin, discontinuous coal. Isopach maps constructed from drill hole data identified three NNE – SSW oriented lakes with lacustrine sediment of up to 180m thick truncated by the eastern Roa – Mt Buckley Fault Zone. It was determined fault control during deposition was to the west and the basin extended further than its current location. Revisions to isopach models highlighted a lack of change in basin orientation during deposition of the Paparoa sediments. Plate reconstructions combined with direct evidence from the basin indicate formation of the Paparoa Coal Measures could have occurred in either a rift or transtensional basin. The mudstones were geochemically assessed for hydrocarbon potential using a Source Rock Analyser (SRA). Preliminary analysis of the three mudstones has shown TOC values ranging from 1.0 to 4.5 wt.%, HI values ranging from 68 to 552 mHC/gTOC and Tmax results show the mudstones to range in maturity from immature to late – mature. A sample from the Waiomo Formation has excellent potential for oil generation and the low maturity results for the Goldlight Formation make it a potential shale gas resource. These results have shown the potential for hydrocarbon bearing lacustrine source rocks to exist in the Greymouth Coalfield. In addition, revisions have been made to basin formation which should be considered. Due to the availability of data from the Paparoa lacustrine source rocks, they should be used as an accessible analogue for Taranaki and other Late Cretaceous basins.

Young adults in Sweden have grown up with dental care free of charge until the age of twenty. Their self-perceived oral health has been reported as being good, but rapid changes in society have led to a weaker economic situation for many young adults, which may influence their dental attendance and priorities concerning oral health and oral health care. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the views of young adults on dental care, oral health and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). The thesis is based on four scientific papers which all apply a qualitative approach. In Paper I, the views of young adults on dental care were explored. Paper II investigated the views of young adults on their oral health and OHRQoL. In Paper III, measures of OHRQoL were described and analysed from a public health perspective, and in Paper IV, the views of young adults on the relevance of three measures of OHRQoL were explored. In Paper I, II, and IV, data collection was performed through qualitative interviews. The selection of informants was strategic with reference to age (21-29 years), sex and education. For Paper III, a literature search for OHRQoL measures was made in the PubMed database. The data in Paper I was analysed in accordance with the constant comparative method (inspired by Grounded Theory), and in Papers II, III and IV, qualitative content analysis was used. The results showed that young adults were satisfied with the dental care that they had received but reported specific views and demands on dental care (Paper I). They perceived their oral health as good, but an array of oral health problems was described (Paper II). The young adults’ perceived control of their OHRQoL depended on their future prospects of oral health, in relation to their perceptions of their past and present oral health. In Paper III, the search for measures of OHRQoL in the PubMed database generated 22 measures. The measures were analysed with regard to their theoretical framework and in relation to four principles of health promotion. Some elements of public health principles were found in all the measures, but most of them originated in disease-oriented theories. The occurrence of oral problems was reflected in young adults’ views on the measures of OHRQoL (Paper IV). The analysed measures were deemed to have both advantages and disadvantages but to be fairly equal. The conclusions are that young adults’ OHRQoL was dependent on their earlier experiences of dental care and their former and present oral health, as well as their future prospects regarding oral health. Elements of public health principles were present to a varying degree in all the measures of OHRQoL. Young adults regarded the frequently used measures of OHRQoL as being equal. The measures were mainly disease-oriented and no specific measures had been developed for young adults. / Unga vuxna i Sverige har vuxit upp med fri tandvård till och med det år de fyller 19 år och de upplever ofta en god munhälsa. Snabba samhällsförändringar har bl a medfört sämre ekonomi för många unga och detta kan ha påverkat deras tandvårdsbesök och deras prioriteringar vad gäller tandvård. Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att utforska unga vuxnas syn på tandvården, deras munhälsa och munhälsorelaterade livskvalitet (OHRQoL). Avhandlingen baseras på fyra studier. I Studie I undersöktes unga vuxnas syn på tandvården. Studie II undersökte och beskrev unga vuxnas syn på sin munhälsa och OHRQoL. I Studie III beskrevs och analyserades mätinstrument för OHRQoL ur ett folkhälsoperspektiv och i Studie IV beskrevs hur unga vuxna ser på tre mätinstrument för OHRQoL. I Studie I, Studie II och Studie IV samlades data in genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Urvalet var strategiskt i förhållande till ålder (21-29 år), kön (hälften kvinnor) och utbildning (gymnasienivå/mer). De flesta deltagarna i studierna besökte tandvården regelbundet. I Studie III gjordes sökningar i databasen PubMed för att finna mätinstrument för OHRQoL.  Data i Studie I analyserades genom komparativ metod som är inspirerad av ”Grounded Theory”. I Studie II, Studie III och Studie IV genomfördes dataanalysen med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultaten visade att unga vuxna var nöjda med den tandvård de erhållit men att de hade speciella önskemål och krav på denna (Studie I). Unga vuxna beskrev sin munhälsa som god men angav trots det en mängd olika munhälsoproblem. Deras upplevda kontroll över sin OHRQoL var relaterad till deras syn på sin framtida munhälsa i relation till tidigare erfarenheter av tandvården och synen på sin egen munhälsa (Studie II). I Studie III genererade datasökningen 22 mätinstrument för OHRQoL. Mätinstrumenten analyserades utifrån deras teoretiska utgångspunkter och i relation till fyra principer för folkhälsoarbete (empowerment, medinflytande, holism, rättvisa). Aspekter av de fyra principerna återfanns i varierande grad hos alla mätinstrumenten varav de flesta hade sin utgångspunkt i sjukdomsinriktade teorier. I Studie IV framkom att de unga vuxnas upplevelse av sin egen munhälsa hade betydelse för deras syn på de tre undersökta mätinstrumenten för OHRQoL. Alla mätinstrumenten ansågs ha för- och nackdelar men bedömdes som ungefär likvärdiga. Konklusionen är att unga vuxnas OHRQoL är beroende av deras tidigare erfarenheter från tandvården och deras tidigare och nuvarande munhälsa samt i deras syn på sin framtida munhälsa. Principer för folkhälsoarbete uppfylldes i varierande grad i analyserade mätinstrument för OHRQoL och unga vuxna ansåg att mätinstrumenten var ungefär likvärdiga. Mätinstrumenten var i huvudsak sjukdomsinriktade. Det saknas ett speciellt instrument för att mäta unga vuxnas munhälsorelaterade livskvalitet. / <p>Odontologie doktorsexamen i ämnet odontologisk vetenskap</p>

Safety and Health in the workplace has long been the priority work of the Hong Kong administration but the accidentstatistics in Hong Kong tell another story. No matter how sophisticated a safe system is designed, its ultimate success depends very much on the person who carries out the job. Safe behaviour has therefore become the contemporary study of safety and health at work.Since human behaviour is a multidimensional construct, its understanding requires a multiple theory approach. Inspired by this concept, this study explores a Multi-Dimensional Safe Behaviour Model in explaining Construction Workers' Safe Behaviour. The study examines its implication for management when safe behaviours are to be instilled. Nine psychological theories and models, identified under the perspective of the Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Community Level are examined. A short list of 9 variables of "Social Norm", "Management Commitment", "Safety Knowledge", "Perceived Risk", "Safety Experience", "Self Efficacy"; "Perceived Consequence", "Chance" and Intention to Behave" was constructed. Three hypothetical constructs of "Social Support", "Attitude" and "Expectance" composed of observable indicators from the nine identified variables are also formed. The variables are then put together into a hypothesised Multi-Dimensional Safe Behaviour Model with the casual relationships between variables identified. A Structural Equation Modelling procedure shows that the hypothesised Multi-Dimensional Safe Behaviour Model fits the data reflecting the necessity of adopting a holistic approach in addressing behavioural issues. "Safety Attitude" is found to impose a positive effect on the worker's "Intention to Behave Safely" indirectly via a mediating factor of "Chance Locus". The study conveys practical implications to safety management and researchers. Research limitations and areas for further study are also discussed. Safety behavioural initiatives based on the model testing results in promotion workers' safety behaviours are also addressed.

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The safety of civil aviation has been endangered not only by terrorism, but also by many other unlawful acts committed by persons with varying motivation. The international community has worked to provide a secure and safe air transportation system for general people and thus has developed aviation security systems in the legal and technical fields to combat and prevent the man-made intentional harm against civil aviation. / The legal instruments are mainly based on several multilateral conventions, resolutions and declarations. They are all focused on how to eliminate safe heavens for unlawful actors against civil aviation, secure the safety of passenger and crew, and facilitate the resumption of affected aircraft. / The technical instruments, dealing with specific preventive security measures to suppress the unlawful acts against civil aviation on a practical basis, have been developed by ICAO as "Standards and Recommended Practices" (SARPs) in the form of Annexes. In addition, to promote global aviation security, ICAO launched its "Universal Security Audit Programme" immediately following the tragic events of September 11, 2001. / This thesis critically analyses the legal and technical aviation security systems under current international legal regimes and provides several recommendations to improve the remaining problems in the international aviation security system.

There is a little doubt that, for a decade, risk measurement has become one of the most important topics in finance. Indeed, it is natural to observe such a development, since in the last ten years, huge amounts of financial transactions ended with severe losses due to severe convulsions in financial markets. Value at risk, as the most widely used risk measure, fails to quantify the risk of a position accurately in many situations. For this reason a number of consistent risk measures have been introduced in the literature. The main aim of this study is to present and compare coherent, convex, conditional convex and some other risk measures both in theoretical and practical settings.