Les travaux de modélisations présentes dans cette thèse concernent l’étude du comportement hydro-poro-mécanique des géomatériaux par l’approche numérique de changement d’échelle. Il s’agit d’exploiter un modèle géomatériaux conceptuel, du code de calcul par la méthode élément finis étendu (XFEM) ou IIM, conjointement avec des techniques d’homogénéisation, pour l’obtention des lois de comportement macroscopique tirées des relations de passage Micro-Macro. Dans ce modèle conceptuel, le volume élémentaire représentatif des milieux hétérogène est composé d’une matrice argileuse contenant des inclusions de minéraux de quartz et de calcite ou des pores. D’abord, cette procedure avec XFEM a été effectuée pour la détermination des propriétés effectives isotropes. Ensuite, Une étude sur l’influence de la distribution, la morphologie, et l’orientation des inclusions sur le comportement équivalent dans le domaine de l’élasticité linéaire a été réalisée par traverser nombreuse études numériques. Dans un troisièmes temps, nous avons modélisée le comportement mécanique non linaire des géomatériaux en utilisant XFEM et la méthode Newton-Raphson modifiée. Enfin, la modélisation du comportement hydraulique est réalisée par la méthode IIM, elle a été validée par la comparaison avec l’approche analytique. / The work of modeling present in this thesis relates to the study of the hydro-poro-mechanics behavior of geomaterials with the numerical approach of up-scaling. This work is based on le the conceptual geomaterials model, of finite element extended (XFEM) code develop in Matlab or IIM, coupling with the homogenization method to obtain the laws of macroscopic behavior drawn from the relations of Micro-Macro passage. In this model, the elementary volume representative of the mediums heterogeneous is composed of an argillaceous matrix containing of calcite and quartz mineral inclusions or of the pores. Firstly, this procedure with XFEM was carried out for the determination of the effective properties linear of the geomaterial. Then, a study on the influence of the distribution, morphology, and the orientation of inclusions on the equivalent behavior in the field of linear elasticity was carried out by crossing many numerical studies. In the third time, we modeled the mechanical behavior non linear of the geomaterial by using XFEM and the modified method Newton-Raphson. Lastly, the modeling of the hydraulic behavior is carried out by IIM, it was validated by the comparison with the analytical approach.

Análises numérico-experimentais são fundamentais na simulação numérica do comportamento de alguns tecidos biológicos ou mesmo de sua interação com outras estruturas, como o que acontece entre artérias e stents. Simulações numéricas podem auxiliar no projeto da estrutura tubular ou na escolha do modelo de stent mais adequado para uma dada indicação clínica, bem como no aprimoramento da técnica cirúrgica de posicionamento. A obtenção de dados experimentais do comportamento mecânico de artérias é um desafio devido a fatores biológicos e experimentais, como a retirada da amostra, controle de temperatura e de umidade no armazenamento e manuseio dos corpos de prova. Outras dificuldades se apresentam na fixação da amostra e na realização de medições de deformação, além da mudança que pode ocorrer no tecido para diferentes indivíduos ou mesmo no mesmo indivíduo. Do ponto de vista numérico, é necessário um modelo de material capaz de reproduzir o comportamento experimental observado. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar problemas envolvidos na caracterização numérico-experimental de paredes arteriais para então propor uma metodologia apropriada para ser aplicada em uma amostra de aorta de um suíno da raça Landrace. Modelos numéricos adequados para simular o comportamento do tecido em sua região fisiológica de deformação foram estudados, e através dos dados obtidos de procedimentos experimentais foi realizada a identificação de parâmetros do modelo escolhido. / Numerical and experimental analyses are essential to understand the numerical simulation of the behavior of some biological tissues or even their interaction with other structures, such as what happens between arteries and stents. Numerical simulations can help in the tubular structure project or in the choice of the most suitable stent for a given clinical indication, as well as in the improvement of the surgical techniques in the positioning. The experimental data acquisition of arteries’ mechanical behavior is a challenge due to biological and experimental factors such as the removal of the sample, temperature and humidity control in the storage and handling of specimens. Other difficulties are the sample fixation and the strain measurements as well as the change that can occur in the tissue for different individuals or even in the same one. From the numerical point of view is necessary a material model capable to reproduce the observed experimental behavior. The objective of this work is to study the issues involved in the numerical and experimental characterization of arterial walls and then propose a suitable methodology to be applied in a pig's aorta sample of Landrace's breed. Numerical models suitable for simulating the behavior of physiological tissue deformation were studied and, through the data from experimental procedures, parameters were identified to represent it.

Análises numérico-experimentais são fundamentais na simulação numérica do comportamento de alguns tecidos biológicos ou mesmo de sua interação com outras estruturas, como o que acontece entre artérias e stents. Simulações numéricas podem auxiliar no projeto da estrutura tubular ou na escolha do modelo de stent mais adequado para uma dada indicação clínica, bem como no aprimoramento da técnica cirúrgica de posicionamento. A obtenção de dados experimentais do comportamento mecânico de artérias é um desafio devido a fatores biológicos e experimentais, como a retirada da amostra, controle de temperatura e de umidade no armazenamento e manuseio dos corpos de prova. Outras dificuldades se apresentam na fixação da amostra e na realização de medições de deformação, além da mudança que pode ocorrer no tecido para diferentes indivíduos ou mesmo no mesmo indivíduo. Do ponto de vista numérico, é necessário um modelo de material capaz de reproduzir o comportamento experimental observado. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar problemas envolvidos na caracterização numérico-experimental de paredes arteriais para então propor uma metodologia apropriada para ser aplicada em uma amostra de aorta de um suíno da raça Landrace. Modelos numéricos adequados para simular o comportamento do tecido em sua região fisiológica de deformação foram estudados, e através dos dados obtidos de procedimentos experimentais foi realizada a identificação de parâmetros do modelo escolhido. / Numerical and experimental analyses are essential to understand the numerical simulation of the behavior of some biological tissues or even their interaction with other structures, such as what happens between arteries and stents. Numerical simulations can help in the tubular structure project or in the choice of the most suitable stent for a given clinical indication, as well as in the improvement of the surgical techniques in the positioning. The experimental data acquisition of arteries’ mechanical behavior is a challenge due to biological and experimental factors such as the removal of the sample, temperature and humidity control in the storage and handling of specimens. Other difficulties are the sample fixation and the strain measurements as well as the change that can occur in the tissue for different individuals or even in the same one. From the numerical point of view is necessary a material model capable to reproduce the observed experimental behavior. The objective of this work is to study the issues involved in the numerical and experimental characterization of arterial walls and then propose a suitable methodology to be applied in a pig's aorta sample of Landrace's breed. Numerical models suitable for simulating the behavior of physiological tissue deformation were studied and, through the data from experimental procedures, parameters were identified to represent it.

Análises numérico-experimentais são fundamentais na simulação numérica do comportamento de alguns tecidos biológicos ou mesmo de sua interação com outras estruturas, como o que acontece entre artérias e stents. Simulações numéricas podem auxiliar no projeto da estrutura tubular ou na escolha do modelo de stent mais adequado para uma dada indicação clínica, bem como no aprimoramento da técnica cirúrgica de posicionamento. A obtenção de dados experimentais do comportamento mecânico de artérias é um desafio devido a fatores biológicos e experimentais, como a retirada da amostra, controle de temperatura e de umidade no armazenamento e manuseio dos corpos de prova. Outras dificuldades se apresentam na fixação da amostra e na realização de medições de deformação, além da mudança que pode ocorrer no tecido para diferentes indivíduos ou mesmo no mesmo indivíduo. Do ponto de vista numérico, é necessário um modelo de material capaz de reproduzir o comportamento experimental observado. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar problemas envolvidos na caracterização numérico-experimental de paredes arteriais para então propor uma metodologia apropriada para ser aplicada em uma amostra de aorta de um suíno da raça Landrace. Modelos numéricos adequados para simular o comportamento do tecido em sua região fisiológica de deformação foram estudados, e através dos dados obtidos de procedimentos experimentais foi realizada a identificação de parâmetros do modelo escolhido. / Numerical and experimental analyses are essential to understand the numerical simulation of the behavior of some biological tissues or even their interaction with other structures, such as what happens between arteries and stents. Numerical simulations can help in the tubular structure project or in the choice of the most suitable stent for a given clinical indication, as well as in the improvement of the surgical techniques in the positioning. The experimental data acquisition of arteries’ mechanical behavior is a challenge due to biological and experimental factors such as the removal of the sample, temperature and humidity control in the storage and handling of specimens. Other difficulties are the sample fixation and the strain measurements as well as the change that can occur in the tissue for different individuals or even in the same one. From the numerical point of view is necessary a material model capable to reproduce the observed experimental behavior. The objective of this work is to study the issues involved in the numerical and experimental characterization of arterial walls and then propose a suitable methodology to be applied in a pig's aorta sample of Landrace's breed. Numerical models suitable for simulating the behavior of physiological tissue deformation were studied and, through the data from experimental procedures, parameters were identified to represent it.

Le béton est un des matériaux les plus utilisés pour la réalisation de bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil. En situation d'incendie, le béton peut présenter une instabilité thermique au-delà d'une certaine température. Les travaux de recherche dans le domaine permettent d'approfondir la connaissance du comportement du béton à haute température afin d'améliorer la sécurité des bâtiments et ouvrages.Le but de ce travail de recherche est d'étudier les transferts couplés de chaleur et de masse dans les bétons, en utilisant des éprouvettes de grandes dimensions. Cette étude porte sur un béton ordinaire (fc28= 37 MPa) et un béton à hautes performances (fc28=73 MPa). Des éprouvettes cylindriques de grandes dimensions (Ø60x60cm) sont confectionnées, conservées jusqu'à maturité du béton puis soumises à un cycle de chauffage-refroidissement de la température ambiante jusqu'à 600°C à une vitesse de chauffage de 0.1°C/min. Des mesures de température (en surface et à différentes profondeurs des éprouvettes), de pression et de perte de masse sont réalisées au cours du cycle de chauffage - refroidissement. Des mesures de propriétés physiques (masse volumique, perméabilité, conductivité thermique) sont aussi effectués sur des éprouvettes de petites dimensions (formes cylindrique Ø15x5 cm et prismatique 12x8x4 cm) à des températures de 80, 150, 300 et 450°C.Une analyse numérique est faite grâce à un modèle thermo-hydrique implanté dans le code CAST'3M afin de comparer les résultats expérimentaux et numériques.Cette étude a ainsi permis d'approfondir la connaissance des phénomènes couplés qui ont lieu au sein du béton lorsqu'il est porté à une température élevée et de mettre en évidence des résultats non observés sur des éprouvettes de petites dimensions.La comparaison des résultats expérimentaux et numériques a montré que le modèle numérique développé reproduit bien les transferts couplés de chaleur et de masse qui s'opèrent dans le béton lorsqu'il est chauffé de 20 à 600°C. / Concrete is one of the most materials used widely in the construction of buildings and civil engineering materials. In fire conditions, the concrete may exhibit thermal instability beyond a certain temperature. Researches in the field provide a deeper understanding of the behavior of concrete at high temperature in order to improve the safety of buildings and structures.The purpose of this research is to study the coupled heat and mass transfers in concrete, using large samples. This study focuses on an ordinary concrete (fc28 = 37 MPa) and a high-performance concrete (fc28 = 73 MPa). Cylindrical specimens large (Ø60x60cm) are fabricated, conserved until maturity of the concrete and then subjected to a cycle of heating and cooling from room temperature to 600°C at a heating rate of 0.1°C/min. Measurements of temperature (at surface and at various internal depths of the specimens), pressure and mass loss are carried out during heating-cooling. Measurements of physical properties (density, permeability, thermal conductivity) are also carried out on samples of small dimensions (cylindrical and prismatic shape: Ø15x5 cm and 12x8x4 cm) at temperatures of 80, 150, 300 and 450°C.A numerical analysis is carried out by a thermo-fluid model implanted in the code CAST'3M in order to compare the experimental and numerical results.This research has allowed to deepen the understanding of coupled phenomena which take place within the concrete when it is heated at a high temperature and to highlight results which were not observed on small samples.The results of experimental and numerical comparison showed that the numerical model developed reproduces the coupled heat and mass transfers occurring in the concrete when it is heated from 20 to 600°C.