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Aspects of Crack Growth in Single-Crystal Nickel-Base SuperalloysBusse, Christian January 2017 (has links)
This Licentiate of Engineering thesis is a product of the results generated in the research project KME-702, which comprises modelling, microstructure investigations and material testing of cast nickel-base superalloys. The main objective of this work is to model the fatigue crack propagation behaviour in single-crystal nickel-base superalloys. To achieve this, the influence of the crystal orientations on the cracking behaviour is assessed. The results show that the crystal orientation is strongly affecting the material response and must be accounted for. Furthermore, a linear elastic crack driving force parameter suitable for describing crystallographic cracking has been developed. This parameter is based on resolved anisotropic stress intensity factors and is able to predict the correct crystallographic cracking plane after a transition from a Mode I crack. Finally, a method to account for inelastic deformations in a linear elastic fracture mechanics context was investigated. A residual stress field is extracted from an uncracked finite-element model with a perfectly plastic material model and superimposed on the stress field from the cracked model with a linear elastic material model to account for the inelastic deformations during the determination of the crack driving force. The modelling work is validated by material testing on two different specimen geometries at different temperatures. This Licentiate of Engineering thesis consists of two parts, where Part I gives an introduction and background to the research area, while Part II consists of three papers. / Denna licentiatavhandling är en produkt av resultat som genererats i forskningsprojektet KME-702, och omfattar modellering, mikrostrukturundersökningar och materialprovning av gjutna nickelbaserade superlegeringar. Huvudsyftet med detta arbete är att modellera sprickförloppet under utmattning i enkristallina nickelbaserade superlegeringar. För att uppnå detta har kristallorienteringens inverkan på sprickbeteendet utvärderats. Resultaten visar att kristallorienteringen har en stark inverkan på materialbeteendet, således måste hänsyn till denna tas. Dessutom har en linjär-elastisk sprickdrivkraftsparameter lämplig att beskriva kristallografisk sprickbildning utvecklats. Denna parameter är baserad på anisotropa spänningsintensitetsfaktorer på kristallplan och kan prediktera det korrekta kristallografiska sprickplanet efter övergång från Modus I spricka. Slutligen har undersökts en metod för att ta hand om inelastiska deformationer i en linjär-elastisk brottmekanikskontext. Ett restspänningsfält extraherades från en osprucken finita element modell med en ideal plastisk materialmodell. Denna överlagrades på spänningsfältet från den spruckna modellen, som analyserades med en linjär-elastisk materialmodell, för att ta hänsyn till de inelastiska deformationerna vid bestämning av sprickdrivkraften. Modelleringsarbetet validerades genom materialprovning på två olika provgeometrier vid olika temperaturer. Licentiatavhandlingen består av två delar, där del I ger en introduktion och bakgrund till forskningsområdet medan del II består av tre papper. / Dieses Lizentiat der Ingenieurwissenschaften ist im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts KME-702 entstanden, welches Modellierung, Mikrostrukturuntersuchungen und Materialtests von gegossenen nickelbasierten Superlegierungen umfasst. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Modellierung der Ermüdungsrissausbreitung in einkristallinen nickelbasierten Superlegierungen. Um dieses zu erreichen, wurde der Einfluss der Kristallorientierungen auf das Rissverhalten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kristallorientierung das Materialverhalten stark beeinflusst und daher berücksichtigt werden muss. Darüber hinaus wurde ein linear elastischer Rissantriebskraftparameter entwickelt, der zum Beschreiben von kristallographischen Rissen geeignet ist. Dieser Parameter basiert auf aufgelösten anisotropen Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren und ist in der Lage, die korrekte kristallographische Rissebene nach einem Übergang von einem Modus I Riss vorherzusagen. Abschließend wird in einem linear-elastisch bruchmechanischen Kontext eine Methode untersucht, die nichtelastischen Deformationen bei der Bestimmung der Rissantriebskraft zu berücksichtigen. Dazu wird aus einem Finite-Elemente Modell, welches keinen Riss aufweist und mit einem perfekt plastischen Materialmodell beschrieben wird, das Restspannungsfeld extrahiert und dem Spannungsfeld überlagert, welches aus dem Modell mit Riss unter Verwendung eines linear elastischen Materialmodells erzeugt wurde. Die Modellierung wird durch Materialtests an zwei verschiedenen Probengeometrien bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen validiert. Dieses Lizentiat der Ingenieurwissenschaften besteht aus zwei Teilen, wobei Teil I eine Einführung und einen Hintergrund in das Forschungsgebiet gibt, während Teil II aus drei Forschungsartikeln besteht.
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Mechanical modeling of granite subjected to contact loadingShariati, Hossein January 2019 (has links)
The mechanical properties of Bohus granite subjected to contact loading is investigated based on experimental and numerical results. An elasto-plastic constitutive material model combined with a damage description is employed. The material model parameters are determined based on experimental results. Any kind of inelastic deformation except the tensile failure is described by a linear Drucker-Prager (DP) plasticity model with variable dilation angle. As for the damage description, an anisotropic damage model (DFH model) is considered to account for the tensile failure (i.e. mode I fracture). The resulting constitutive model is implemented numerically to simulate the mechanical behavior of the material under indentation loading up to its load capacity. In paper A, the DP material model parameters are calibrated based on quasioedometric tests performed in an earlier work. It is described how the yield surface and dilation angle are determined from this test. The calibrated material model is implemented numerically in a commercial finite element software. The numerical model is validated based on quasi-static spherical indentation tests performed in this work. The force-penetration (P-h) response of the material is recorded during the indentation tests. Moreover, a high speed camera is utilized to observe the specimen surface around the contact area during the indentation test. It is detected that the observed load-drops in the P-h response correspond to material removals on the specimen surface. The tested specimens are also scanned by X-ray tomography to investigate the fracture pattern. In paper B, the anisotropic DFH damage model is employed in order to predict the fracture pattern observed in the indentation test. The chosen damage model considers the heterogeneity in the material tensile strength. It is described how the statistical distribution of the tensile strength is calibrated. The calibrated DFH model is combined with the DP model and the resulting DP-DFH model is utilized to simulate the P-h response and the fragmentation process of Bohus granite subjected to quasi-static contact loading. / <p>Examinator: Professor Mårten Olsson, KTH, Stockholm</p><p>QC 20191108</p>
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Interaction between weld residualstresses and warm pre-stressingEtemadi, Elaheh January 2019 (has links)
Cleavage fracture is a catastrophic phenomenon as it is a sudden structural collapse occurring to structures made of insufficiently ductile steels working at lower temperatures. In this study, the focus is on the material used in reactor pressure vessels (RPV) in nuclear power plants. The steel is exposed to radiation that by time causes embrittlement of the material. Safe operation of the power plant with today's engineering standards is possible by taking advantage of warm pre-stressing (WPS) effects. Welding is an inevitable part of manufacturing; therefore, it is important to investigate the influence of residual stresses (RS) due to welding on the load-bearing capacity of cracked components. Additionally, these stresses can also affect the benefits of WPS cycles which as mentioned earlier improves the structure behavior. In this study, the effects of two mechanisms in WPS on a RS field will be studied and compared. As the focus of the study is on the brittle fracture, a probabilistic model made by Kroon and Faleskog, will be used. To get an overview of the thesis, a summary of each topic will follow.
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Fatigue and Ultimate StrengthAssessment of Post Weld TreatedStrenx 1100 Plus Butt WeldsJonsson, Tobias January 2020 (has links)
The demand of stronger and lighter constructions are rapidly growing. Today's applications vary over a large range industries where the requirements are di_erent from product to product. Therefore, the focus of much research are the 3rd generation of so called Advance High-Strength Steels (AHSS). These are high-strength steels that are taylormade to get desired mechanical properties. One AHSS manufactured by SSAB is their Strenx 1100Plus steel that is specially design to get excellent welding properties. In this project it was investigated if the two post weld treatments TIG dressing and HFMI has a larger e_ect in the material then the recommendations for steel in general by the International institute of Welding (IIW). By comparing nominal fatigue stresses to standards it could be determined that the post treatment improves the fatigue life with 1 more fatigue class then the recommendations for each treatment. E_ective notch stress simulations was used to derive S-N curves for comparative reasons. / Efterfrågan av starkare och lättare konstruktioner har kraftigt ökat. Dagens tillämpningar omfattar många olika industriområden där kraven varierar från varje produkt. Detta har lett till att mycket resurser idag läggs på forskning inom utveckling av tredje generationen Advance High-Stength Steels (AHSS). Ett AHSS tillverkat av SSAB är deras Strenx 1100Plus som är specialdesignat stål för att få ultimata svetsegenskaper. I detta projektet undersöktes det om efter behandlingsmetoderna TIG omsmältnings och High Frequency Mechanical Impact (HFMI) ger större effekt i materialet än vad rekommendationerna för stål generellt sett av Internationella Institutet för Svetsning (IIW) säger. Genom att jämföra nominella utmattningsspänningar med standardvärden kunde detta bekräftas. Resultatet av testerna visade att de två efterbehandlingsmetoderna ger ytterligare en utmattningsklass förbättring än vad IIW rekommenderar. För att kunna jämföra simuleringar mot dessa resultat gjordes S-N kurvor med effective notch stress metoden (ENS).
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System modelling of a tightening toolEriksson, Caroline January 2020 (has links)
With the help of modern computational power it has become much more common to employ simulation driven development. When performing simulations before creating prototypes and actual test, companies can reduce both the time spent on the development and the cost. To get an as accurate model as possible one would ideally include all of the physics involved - in order to allow simulation of all potential scenarios and hence create a digital twin. When having a sufficiently complex model it is easy to perform simulations and thereafter give feedback to the designer, without having to build prototypes. The aim of this project has been to create a model which captures the multiphysics of a handheld tightening tool provided by Atlas Copco. The tool contains an electric AC permanent magnet motor which through electromagnetism creates an oscillating torque acting on the rotor. The mechanical response of the driveline in the tool due to the variations in the torque was to be analysed. The modelling of the system was split into two parts; one electromagnetic analysis concerning just the motor and one dynamic analysis concerning the driveline of the tool in order to find the arising vibrations. To detect which frequencies the system should be sensitive to, a modal analysis was performed - yielding among others a torsional mode at 3276 Hz. For investigating for which frequencies the model – with applied forces and boundary conditions - is sensitive to, a velocity ramp up test was performed. A prominent peak was detected at 3200 Hz which corresponds to the previously observed torsional mode at the same frequency. It could thus be concluded that the system is sensitive to rotor velocities of 32 000 rpm since this causes axial vibrations in the bevel gear of the tool. Some improvements to the model could be made, but in order to make an even more accurate model of the tool a time span exceeding the one intended for the project would be required. / Tack vare dagens moderna datorhjälpmedel har det blivitmycket mer vanligt att använda sig av simuleringsdriven utveckling. När simulering utförs innan skapandet av prototyper och riktiga tester kan företag reducera både tiden som spenderas på utvecklingen samt den totala kostnaden. För att skapa en så precis modell som möjligt är det idealt att inkludera all fysik som är inblandad - för att möjliggöra simulering av alla potentiella scenarion. När en tillräckligt komplex modell är skapad är det enkelt att utföra simuleringar och därefter ge återkoppling till konstruktören, utan att behöva bygga prototyper. Syftet med det här projektet var att skapa en modell som fångar multifysiken hos ett handhållet åtdragningsverktyg, försett av Atlas Copco. Verktyget innehåller en elektrisk, AC, permanent magnet motor som genom elektromagnetism skapar ett oscillerande moment verkande på rotorn. Den mekaniska responsen som uppkommer i verktygets drivlina på grund av variationerna i momentet skulle analyseras. Modelleringen av systemet delades in i två delar; en elektromagnetisk modell som endast innefattade motorn samt en dynamisk modell som innefattade drivlinan i verktyget för att kunna observera de uppkommande vibrationerna. För att detektera vilka frekvenser systemet bör vara känsligt mot genomfördes en modalanalys - vilken uppvisade bland annat en torsionsmod vid 3276 Hz. För att sedan kunna undersöka för vilka frekvenser modellen - med applicerade krafter och randvillkor - är känsligt mot, genomfördes ett test där vinkelhastigheten på rotorn rampades upp. En framträdande resonanstopp upptäcktes vid 3200 Hz, vilket sammanfaller med den tidigare observerade torsionsmoden vid samma frekvens. Det kunde därför som slutsats konstateras att systemet är känsligt mot rotorhastigheter på 32 000 rpm då detta orsakar axiella vibrationer i vinkelväxeln i verktyget. Några förbättringar på modellen kan genomföras för att skapa en ännu mer precis modell av verktyget, men detta skulle kräva ett längre tidsspann för projektet än vad intentionen var.
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Numerical analysis of paperboard delamination using cohesive elements / Numerisk analys med kohesiva element av delaminering i kartongJohansson-Näslund, Markus January 2020 (has links)
A new test method for measuring the shear strength associated with mode III delamination of paperboard is studied with the purpose of reducing the size of the test configuration. The method, which uses a split cantilever beam (SCB) specimen, measures the shear strength indirectly through the fracture resistance. The methodology is based on the double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen, used for measuring the normal delamination strength of paperboard. The study is based on finite element analyses, where cohesive elements are implemented for predicting the fracture response. An experimental evaluation of the test method was carried out in a pre-study conducted between Karlstad, Skövde and Lund University together with Tetra Pak. The experiments considered both the SCB-specimen and the standardised DCB-specimen, and for determination of the fracture behaviour the cohesive law presented by Tryding & Ristinmaa (2017) were considered. The result obtained from the experiments is used as a basis for evaluating the analyses. To model the fracture development, the relation presented by Tryding & Ristinmaa (2017) is implemented in the commercial finite element software Abaqus through a user-specified element. From the analyses of the DCB-specimen it is shown that through implementation of a specified cohesive law, it is possible to simulate mode I fracture development of paperboard in an accurate manner. The results for the DCB analyses correlate well with the experimental results. The result for the SCBspecimen shows a deviating behaviour from the experimental result by underestimating the shear strength. It is noted that the specimen is subjected to notable deformations in both the first shear direction and the normal direction, preventing pure shear loading from being obtained. Based on the analyses, it is indicated that the current test configuration does not obtain pure shear separation in mode III, and thereby underestimates the actual shear strength of the paperboard. It is also shown that reducing the specimen length with 400 mm has no significant impact on the properties related to the cohesive law. By altering the initial crack length, it is possible to further reduce the length of the specimen. However, to prevent development of unstable fracture, the length of the paperboard should exceed 300 mm. Alternating the crack length and the width of the paperboard also seems to contribute to lower displacements in the normal direction and provides a better fit with the experiments. Tryding, J. & Ristinmaa, M. (2017). Normalization of cohesive laws for quasi-brittle materials. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 178, 333-345. doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.03.020 / En ny testmetod för att mäta skjuvstyrkan för modus III delaminering av kartong studeras i syftet att reducera testutrustningens storlek. Testmetoden, som använder sig av en delad konsolbalk (SCB), mäter skjuvstyrkan indirekt genom brottresistansen. Metodiken är baserad på det standardiserad konsolbalks testet DCB, var två balkar är sammankopplade och som används för att mäta delaminering styrkan i kartongens normala riktning. Studien baseras på analyser med finita element, var kohesiva element implementeras för att prediktera brottbeteendet. En experimentell utvärdering av testmetoden genomfördes i en förstudie mellan Karlstads, Skövdes och Lunds universitet tillsammans med Tetra Pak. Experimenten gjordes både för DCB- och SCB-testet, och för att utvärdera brottbeteendet användes de kohesiva lagarna som presenterats av Tryding & Ristinmaa (2017). De experimentella resultaten används som bas vid utvärdering av analyserna. För att modellera spricktillväxten implementeras de kohesiva lagarna i det kommersiella FEM programmet Abaqus genom ett användar specificerat element (UEL). Från analyserna av DCB-testet visas det att det är möjligt att simulera modus I sprickbildning i kartong genom implementering av en specifik kohesive lag. Simuleringarna av DCB-testet stämmer väl överens med de experimentella resultaten. Resultaten från SCB-analyserna visar däremot på ett avvikande beteende från experimenten genom att underskatta skjuvstyrkan. Det noteras i analyserna av SCB-testet att märkbara deformationer i både den första skjuvriktningen och normal riktningen uppkommer, vilket förhindrar att ren skjuvbelastning i modus III erhålls. Baserat på analysernas resultat indikeras det att den nuvarande konfiguration för SCB-testet inte ger ren skjuvbelastning i modus III och underskattar därför kartongens faktiska skjuvstyrka. Det visas också att en 400 mm reducering av SCB-geometrins längd inte har någon märkbar påverkan på de kohesiva egenskaperna. Genom att ändra den initiala spricklängden är det möjligt att ytterligare reducera SCBgeometrins längd. För att försäkra sig om att sprickas tillväxt förblir stabil bör däremot längden på kartongen överstiga 300 mm. Att minska den initiala spricklängden och bredden på kartongen verkar generellt bidra till lägre deformationer i normal riktningen och ett resultat som ligger närmare de experimentella. Tryding, J. & Ristinmaa, M. (2017). Normalization of cohesive laws for quasi-brittle materials. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 178, 333-345. doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.03.020
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Influence of matrix and alloying on the high cycle fatigue properties of compacted graphite iron for cylinder headsFrom, Erik January 2020 (has links)
Continued improvements in combustion processes, introduction of biofuels, decreasing fuel consumption and increasing specific power will inevitably lead to an increase of the combustion pressure, which can be accompanied with a temperature increase. This will increase the loading on many components and drives the development of materials more resistant to the harsh conditions close to the engine. The cylinder head is one of the components that will be affected by the increased loads. Therefore, thermomechancial loads (TMF) originating from the cyclic temperature variations from the heating up and cooling down cycles of the engine and the high cycle fatigue load (HCF) emanating from the repeated combustion pressure pulses may cause failure of the component. Today, most cylinder heads for heavy trucks are cast in either lamellar graphite iron (LGI) or compacted graphite iron (CGI). In both cases, the graphite particles are embedded in a pearlitic matrix. A possible improvement of the endurance life of the component is to add silicon to the composition. Silicon promotes the formation of ferrite and the hypotheis is that the more ductile ferritic matrix enclosing the graphite particles will improve the resistance to macro crack initiation and propagation and thus the life of the component. The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate the effect of a ferritic matrix as well as other added alloying elements such as molybdenum and nickel on the high cycle fatigue properties of CGI. The HCF properties of three ferritic alloys with different amounts of molybdenum and four pearlitic alloys with additions of molybden or nickel were compared at a fatigue life of 2 miljon cycles and a stress ratio of R=0.1. The results show that the silicon alloyed ferritic base material, without molybdenum, had a fatigue strength that on average was about 10 % higher than the corresponding pearlitic base alloy without alloying elements. Adding 0.25 wt % molybdenum improved the fatigue strength for both the pearlitic and the ferritic alloy with about 5-10 %. Further, for the pearlitic materials, molybdenum also improved the static mechanical properties while no such effect was seen for the alloys with a ferritic matrix. It was also found that nickel did not alter the HCF or the static properties significantly on the materials with pearlitic matrix.
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Material Properties of Adhesive Joint / Materialegenskaper hos limfogWang, Shuyue January 2020 (has links)
The development of the commercial 5G network with high-frequency mmWave requires tighter base station grid, which increases the demand for smaller and more unobtrusive products. One way to connect materials of different properties and keeping the product size small is to use adhesive joints instead of screw joints. The thesis project is about understanding the material behaviour of adhesive joint and determining the material model. Adhesive joints can be described as a highly temperature-dependent material, including both hyperelastic and viscoelastic material behaviours. A relaxation test was carried out to evaluate the joint behaviour and its temperature dependence. The results showed that the Neo Hookean material model and the Generalized Maxwell model can be used to describe the basic joint properties. Additionally, the adhesive joint exhibited a softening behaviour under cyclic loading, in which the softening in the first load cycle was captured by the Mullins effect. A cyclic loading test was carried out to evaluate the joint damage. The results showed that when the joint thickness was equal to the applied displacement, no visible joint damage will occur. However, if the joint thickness is less than the applied displacement, total joint failure can be captured by small reaction force and discontinuities in the force-displacement curve. / Utvecklingen av den kommersiella 5G-nätverk med högfrekvent signaler sätter krav för en tätare basstationsnät, vilket i sin tur behöver mindre och mer diskreta produkter. Ett sätt att combinera material med olika egenskaper och samtidigt försöka minimera produktsstorleken är att ersätta skruvförband med limförband. Detta masterexamensarbete handlar om att undersöka materialbeteende hos limfog och att bestämma dess materialmodell. Limfogd kan beskrivas som ett temperaturberoende material med både hyperelastiskt och viscoelastiskt materialbeteende. En relaxationstest genomfördes för att utvärdera limfogens beteende och dess temperaturberoende egenskaper. Testresultaten visade att Neo Hookean och Generalized Maxwell material modellen kan användas för att beskriva de grundläggande materialegenskaperna hos limfogen. Under cyklisk last initierades skadan i limfog där materialets styvhet minskades med antal ökade lastcykel. Minskningen av styvheten vid den första lastcykel kan beskrivas med Mullins effekt. När limfogens tjocklek är lika med den applicerade förskjutning, visades ingen synlig skada. Däremot om tjockleken är mindre än den applicerade förskjutning, kan total brott i limfogen identifieras med små reaktionskraft och diskontinuitet i kraftförskjutningskurvan.
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Modelling of a Liquid Metal Loop System : For X-ray ApplicationsPersson, Anton January 2020 (has links)
A closed system of a liquid metal jet loop operating in vacuum is modelled and investigated using a commercial 1D simulation tool. Possible methods to approximate a free-falling jet in vacuum to capture the behavior of the system in 1D is investigated. As the characteristics of the jet loop system is captured, the influence of different components on the system pressure and the jet nozzle flow rate is investigated further. The effects of the volume of the accumulator, the frictional forces within the check valves are inspected in isolation and the effect of an increased volume of alloy in the system is considered when system failure occurs due to check valve stiction. Several simulation tools are tested, and the simulations are ultimately performed using Simcenter AMESim 2019.2. The performance of the pump with respect to flow rate at different pressure levels are validated with measurement data acquired from the pump supplier as the Covid-19 virus limits the possibility to perform measurements in the lab. Ultimately, possible improvements of the system are suggested, and the conclusion is that a slightly larger accumulator volume would benefit the system, and that a larger volume of alloy would not prevent failure due to stiction forces in the inlet check valve. It is also confirmed that the check valves have major effects on the pressure and flow rate in the system.
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Modelling of TMF Crack Growth in Polycrystalline Gas Turbine Alloys : Accounting for Crack Closure EffectsLoureiro-Homs, Jordi January 2020 (has links)
The main objective of the work presented in this Licentiate of Engineering thesis is to investigate and model the fatigue crack propagation behaviour of the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 792, with special attention to the industrial lifing of high-temperature components. In-phase (IP) crack propagation tests have been performed at different temperatures and loading regimes, including extended hold times. The observations from these tests have been the basis for establishing several hypotheses to describe the crack growth behaviour, which progressively have been verified experimentally and numerically. Most prominently, it has been observed that crack closure has a substantial impact on crack growth and can explain, to a large degree, the crack growth behaviour for this material under the conditions studied. This phenomenon has been observed experimentally and modelled numerically to extend further the precision of the methodology. / Huvudsyftet med arbetet som presenteras i denna licentiat avhandling är att undersöka och modellera utmattnings sprickväxtbeteendet hos den nickelbaserade superlegeringen Inconel 792, med särskild uppmärksamhet riktad mot liuslängsdmodellering av högtemperaturkomponenter i en industriell kontext. I-fas (IP) sprickväxtprov har utförts vid olika temperaturer och belastningsregimer, inklusive hålltider. Observationerna från dessa tester har legat till grund för hypoteser för att förklara spricktillväxtbeteende, vilka successivt har verifierats experimentellt och numeriskt. Mest framträdande har det observerats att sprickslutning har en väsentlig inverkan på sprickväxten, och kan i stor utsträckning förklara sprickväxten för detta material under studerade förhållanden. Detta fenomen har observerats experimentellt och modellerats numeriskt för att förbättra metodens precision. / <p>Ytterligare forskningsfinansiär: Siemens Energy through "Turbines for Future Energy Systems" (Turbiner forframtidens energisystem), Grant No.44100-1</p>
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