Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, 2015. / Submitted by Ana Cristina Barbosa da Silva (annabds@hotmail.com) on 2015-05-15T16:22:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_CarolinaTeixeiraPuppinGonçalves.pdf: 3144436 bytes, checksum: da34f7314abe5ef1823c435e7d2eca4d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2015-05-15T21:07:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_CarolinaTeixeiraPuppinGonçalves.pdf: 3144436 bytes, checksum: da34f7314abe5ef1823c435e7d2eca4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T21:07:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_CarolinaTeixeiraPuppinGonçalves.pdf: 3144436 bytes, checksum: da34f7314abe5ef1823c435e7d2eca4d (MD5) / Espécies exóticas invasoras são organismos que causam prejuízos ambientais, econômicos e sociais. Melanoides tuberculata é uma espécie afro-asiática, e atualmente é caracterizada como cosmopolita. No Brasil, sua ocorrência é registrada em pelo menos 18 estados e no Distrito Federal (DF). M. tuberculata foi registrado pela primeira vez no DF em 1980, estando presente no Lago Paranoá, reservatório urbano localizado em Brasília, há mais de 30 anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a distribuição da espécie no Lago Paranoá, assim como sua dinâmica populacional, aspectos reprodutivos, e possíveis variáveis ambientais que poderiam direcionar a sua distribuição, abundância e reprodução. Coletas bimensais foram realizadas em 14 pontos do lago (de setembro/2013 a julho/2014), sendo mensuradas as variáveis ambientais de cada ponto. Os tiarídeos coletados foram classificados conforme a largura de sua concha. Esta dissertação é composta por dois capítulos, o primeiro enfatizando a ecologia da espécie, e o segundo, características de sua biologia reprodutiva. O capítulo 1 relata que a população de M. tuberculata do Lago Paranoá encontra-se estável, com indivíduos presentes em todos os pontos amostrados. Indivíduos jovens foram predominantes na população, que exibiu preferência reprodutiva para o mês de janeiro. A matéria orgânica do sedimento influenciou a distribuição dos tiarídeos, que foram mais abundantes em ambientes com maior percentual da variável, por a utilizarem como alimento. As maiores densidades foram encontradas nos braços do Ribeirão do Bananal e do Ribeirão do Riacho Fundo, os quais contribuíram com 81% do total de tiarídeos coletados, uma vez que apresentaram os maiores percentuais de matéria orgânica. O capítulo 2 teve como metodologia a medição e dissecção de 10% do total de M. tuberculata adultos de cada ponto, cujo intuito foi identificar o sexo do indivíduo e quantificar os ovos e filhotes, quando existentes. Os filhotes foram classificados em categorias de desenvolvimento. A população aparentou ser partenogenética, e exibiu média de 118,8 filhotes/indivíduo, número consideravelmente maior que os valores já relatados. A matéria orgânica do sedimento também influenciou a quantidade de filhotes abrigados nos marsúpios das fêmeas, de forma que tiarídeos coletados em locais pobres em matéria orgânica exibiram médias de filhotes mais elevadas que ambientes com maior porcentagem da mesma. Foi sugerido, dessa forma, que indivíduos que habitam ambientes com pouco recurso alimentar utilizam a estratégia reprodutiva de semelparidade, enquanto os que vivem em ambientes com mais alimento utilizam-se da iteroparidade. Este trabalho contribui para o aumento do conhecimento biológico e ecológico da espécie, e pode auxiliar na elaboração do mapeamento de potenciais agentes prejudiciais à saúde e ações de controle de espécies exóticas, principalmente no Lago Paranoá. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Exotic species are organisms that cause social, environmental and economic damages. Melanoides tuberculata is an Afro-asiatic freshwater gastropod specie, nowadays classified as cosmopolite. In Brazil, it is dispersed in 18 states and the Distrito Federal (DF). M. tuberculata was first recorded at Distrito Federal in 1980, and it is present at the Paranoá Lake, urban reservoir located at Brasília, for more than 30 years. The aim of this study was to make an analysis of the distribution, population dynamics, and reproductive aspects of the thiarid, and relate them to the abiotic variables. Bimensal expeditions were made at 14 sampling stations of the lake (from September/2013 to July/2014), and the environmental variables were measured at each site. All thiarids were classified into shell width classes. The first chapter of this dissertation emphasizes the ecological characteristics of the specie, and the second, the reproductive biology. Chapter 1 describes that M. tuberculata population was stable and present at all sampling sites. Younger individuals prevailed in the population, which exhibit a preference reproductive peak in January. Since the specie feed of organic matter, the percentage of this variable influenced the distribution and abundance of these snails, showing higher densities in areas with more organic matter. M. tuberculata were more abundant at Bananal and Riacho Fundo branches, which contributed with 81% of all individuals collected in the lake along the expeditions. In chapter 2, 10% of the thiarids collected at each station were dissected for sex identification and eggs and hatchlings quantification. The juveniles were classified into development categories. The population appeared to be parthenogenetic, and females exhibited an average of 118,8 eggs or juveniles/individual, a considerable increase when compared to similar researches. The organic matter also influenced the amount of eggs and juveniles in the brood pouch, and demonstrated higher averages of eggs and hatchlings in environments with lower organic matter percentages. It is proposed that semelparous state occur when individuals live at environments with low food supply, and, when food is more abundant, the snails would be iteroparous. This study contributes to the increase of ecological and biological knowledge’s of the specie, and it can collaborate to map potential pathological agents and to control exotic species in the Paranoá Lake.

M.Sc. (Aquatic Health) / Sediments can contain a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants. These contaminants accumulate, resulting in extremely high concentrations even once the overlying water concentrations are at or below acceptable water quality guidelines. Any changes in the physical parameters of the overlying water can cause these pollutants to be released back into solution. Accumulated contaminants can be released at even higher concentrations than previously detected. In recent years, sediment contamination has highlighted the need to monitor these previously overlooked pollutant sources that have accumulated in aquatic ecosystems. South Africa does not currently have standardised methods to assess sediment toxicity. Although international methods exist, they are largely untested in South Africa and the organisms needed to conduct these tests are not readily available. Over the years numerous culture methods have been develop globally for culturing organism to be used for water and sediment toxicity tests. In South Africa, the focus has mainly been on culturing organisms for water toxicity testing. Sediment toxicity testing with indigenous organism however, was not developed. Established international culture methods from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Environment Canada were taken into consideration when developing the laboratory culture method for two(2) of the selected organisms (Chironomus spp. & Hydra sp.) from this study. A preliminary culture method was also developed for the third selected organism, Melanoides tuberculata (gastropod). The organisms cultured in this study were selected based on their extent of contact with the substrate, ease of handling, availability, culture maintenance as well as their reproductive cycle. The Hydra, Chironomids and M. tuberculata cultures were successfully breeding under laboratory conditions and remained stable. The Chironomus sp. and M. tuberculata maintain contact with the sediment making them suitable as ecologically relevant organisms for use in whole sediment toxicity testing in South Africa.

M.Sc. (Aquatic Health) / Sediments can contain a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants. These contaminants accumulate, resulting in extremely high concentrations even once the overlying water concentrations are at or below acceptable water quality guidelines. Any changes in the physical parameters'of the overlying water can cause these pollutants to be released back into solution. Accumulated contaminants can be released at even higher concentrations than previously detected. In recent years, sediment contamination has highlighted the need to monitor these previously overlooked pollutant sources that have accumulated in aquatic ecosystems. South Africa does not currently have standardised methods to assess sediment toxicity. Although international methods exist, they are largely untested in South Africa and the organisms needed to conduct these tests are not readily available. Over the years numerous culture methods have been develop globally for culturing organism to be used for water and sediment toxicity tests. In South Africa, the focus has mainly been on culturing organisms for water. toxicity testing. Sediment toxicity testing with indigenous organism however, was not developed. Established international culture methods from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and Environment Canada were taken into consideration when developing the laboratory culture method for two (2)of the selected organisms (Chironomus spp. & Hydra sp.) from this study. A preliminary culture method was also developed for the third selected organism, Melanoides tuberculata (gastropod). The organisms cultured in this study were selected based on their extent of contact with the substrate, ease of handling, availability, culture maintenance as well as their reproductive cycle. The Hydra, Chironomids and M. tuberculata cultures were successfully breeding under laboratory conditions and remained stable. The Chironomus sp. and M. tuberculata maintain contact with the sediment making them suitable as ecologically relevant organisms for use in whole sediment toxicity testing in South Africa.