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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T12:40:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosana M.pdf: 3183755 bytes, checksum: ceaa632c444d6daec2678d0f7fe428db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / This thesis describes the use of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) for the development of biosensors based on horseradish peroxidase enzyme - HRP. In the first chapter, the enzyme was immobilized on self-assembled monolayers of thiolactic acid (Au-TLA) and mixed SAM composed of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) together with the TLA (SAMmix). The steps of construction and characterization of biosensors have been carried out by electrochemical techniques and morphological ones. The enzyme immobilization method on SAM which provided higher stability was by covalent bond. The Au/TLA/HRP biosensor was used for the determination of H2O2 by chronoamperometry, yielding a detection limit (DL) of 5.46 μmol L-1 and quantification (QL) of 18 μmol L-1. Despite the good results for the H2O2 detection presented by this biosensor, the device was stable for only 6 days. Therefore, in order to increase the stability of the biosensor, SAM containing both the mercaptoundecanoic acid molecule (MUA) and TLA was obtained, to the formation of SAMmix (Au/MUA:TLA). In this system, the electron transfer rate can be considerably affected because while the TLA enables an increase of SAMmix conductivity due to formation of “islands”, the MUA provides greater stability for HRP immobilization, although it partially blocks the surface. The biosensor Au-SAMmix-HRP prepared in the ratio 0.5: 1.0 MUA/TLA showed higher sensitivity compared to other modifications ratio, with an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant = 0.40 mmol L-1. This biosensor has been applied to the determination of hydroquinone (HQ) in the presence of a fixed amount of [H2O2] = 0.3 mmol L-1. By differential pulse voltammetry technique (DPV), the biosensor exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for HQ in the range 3-30 μmol L-1, with good sensitivity, DL = 1.26 μmol L-1 and QL = 4.23 μmol L -1. The SAMmix increased the stability of the biosensor for at least 15 days, which is more stable when compared to the biosensor Au/TLA/HRP. In the second chapter of this thesis, another strategy was used for immobilization of the HRP enzyme based on the formation of TLA monolayer on the top of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stabilized in the inorganic polymer, 3-n-propylpyridinium silsesquioxane chloride (SiPy+Cl-). The presence of AuNPs-SiPy+Cl- was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy from the plasmon band at 521 nm. The AuNps showed good distribution with approximate size between 4-18 nm, evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by dynamic light scattering (DLS), with good stability (ζ = + 38.5 mV). The AuNPs were deposited on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and modified with the TLA for immobilization of HRP enzyme. The formation of this biosensor was confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and morphologically by field-effect scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG). The GCE/AuNPs/TLA/HRP biosensor was used for the detection of H2O2 with = 0.46 mmol L-1, which was similar to the Au-SAMmix-HRP biosensor. This biosensor has been applied to the determination of catechol (CT) in presence of [H2O2] = 0.03 mmol L-1. Using the DPV technique, the biosensor showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity for CT in the range 6-46 μmol L-1, with good sensitivity, DL = 0.852 μmol L-1 and QL = 2.84 μmol L -1. The stability of this device was approximately 25 days, being superior to other biosensors developed (TLA-HRP and SAMmix-HRP), which can be attributed to the three-dimensional immobilization of HRP molecules in this device. / Esta tese descreve a utilização das monocamadas auto-organizadas (SAM) para o desenvolvimento de biossensores enzimáticos a base da enzima horseradish peroxidase – HRP. No primeiro capítulo, diferentes biossensores foram desenvolvidos utilizando a SAM de ácido tioláctico (Au/TLA) e também a SAM mista composta por ácido 11-mercaptoundecanóico (MUA) juntamente com o TLA (SAMmista). As etapas de construção e caracterização dos biossensores foram realizadas pelas técnicas eletroquímicas e também morfológicas. O método de imobilização da enzima sobre a SAM que proporcionou maior estabilidade foi pela ligação covalente. O biossensor Au/TLA/HRP foi utilizado para a detecção do H2O2 por cronoamperometria, obtendo-se um limite de detecção (LD) de 5,46 μmol L-1 e de quantificação (LQ) de 18 μmol L-1. Apesar dos bons resultados na detecção do H2O2 apresentados por este biossensor, o dispositivo foi estável por apenas 6 dias. Portanto, no intuito de aumentar a estabilidade do biossensor utilizou a molécula de ácido mercaptoundecanóico (MUA) juntamente com TLA, para a formação da SAMmista (Au/MUA:TLA). Neste sistema, a velocidade de transferência eletrônica é sensivelmente afetada, pois enquanto o TLA possibilita o aumento da condutividade da SAMmista devido a formação de “ilhas”, o MUA confere maior estabilidade à monocamada para a imobilização da enzima HRP, apesar de bloquear parcialmente a superfície. O biossensor Au/SAMmista/HRP preparado na razão 0,5:1,0 MUA:TLA apresentou a melhor sensibilidade em comparação as outras modificações, com uma constante de Michaelis-Menten aparente, = 0,40 mmol L-1. Este biossensor foi aplicado na detecção da hidroquinona (HQ) na presença de uma quantidade fixa de [H2O2] = 0,3 mmol L-1. Pela técnica de voltametria de pulso diferencial (VPD), o biossensor exibiu uma excelente atividade eletrocatalítica para HQ na faixa de 3 a 30 μmol L-1, com boa sensibilidade, LD = 1,26 μmol L-1 e o LQ = 4,23 μmol L-1. A SAMmista aumentou a estabilidade do biossensor para 15 dias, sendo este mais estável quando comparado ao biossensor Au/TLA/HRP. No segundo capítulo da tese, outra estratégia para a imobilização da enzima HRP sobre o TLA foi realizada a partir de nanopartículas de ouro (AuNps) estabilizadas no cloreto de 3-n-propilpiridínio silsesquioxano (SiPy+Cl-). A presença das AuNps-SiPy+Cl- foi confirmada pela Espectroscopia UV-Vis a partir da banda plasmon em 521 nm, as quais apresentaram boa distribuição com tamanho aproximado entre 4 a 18 nm, constatado pela microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e por espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS), apresentando boa estabilidade (ζ = + 38,5 mV). As AuNps foram incorporadas sobre o eletrodo de carbono vítreo (ECV) e modificadas com o TLA para imobilização da enzima HRP. A formação deste biossensor foi comprovada pela espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) e morfologicamente pela microscopia de varredura de efeito de campo (MEV-FEG). O biossensor ECV/AuNps/TLA/HRP foi utilizado na detecção do H2O2 com = 0,43 mmol L-1, sendo próxima ao biossensor Au-SAMmista-HRP. Este biossensor foi aplicado na detecção do catecol (CT) na presença de [H2O2] = 0,03 mmol L-1. Pela técnica de VPD, o biossensor exibiu uma excelente atividade eletrocatalítica para CT na faixa de 6 a 46 μmol L-1, com boa sensibilidade, LD = 0,852 μmol L-1 e o LQ = 2,84 μmol L-1. A estabilidade deste dispositivo é de 25 dias, sendo superior aos outros biossensores desenvolvidos (TLA/HRP e SAMmista/HRP) devido a imobilização ocorrer tridimensionalmente aumentando a quantidade de moléculas da TLA e HRP no dispositivo.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / In this study PbSe quantum dots (QDs) were successfully synthesized via the organometallic and aqueous routes. Optical characterization was carried out using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, structural and morphological characterization were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to determine the composition of the QDs. All the synthesized QDs were found to have emissions within the near-infrared region of the spectrum (≥1000 nm) with most of them being less than 5 nm in size. The aqueous synthesized QDs had a perfect Gaussian emission spectrum with a FWHM of ~23 nm indicating pure band gap emission and narrow size distribution respectively. The QDs were determined to have a cubic rock-salt crystal structure consistent with bulk PbSe. The aqueous synthesized QDs were however not stable in solution with the QDs precipitating after approximately 48 h. The organometallic synthesized QDs were transferred into the aqueous phase by exchanging the surface oleic acid ligands with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid ligands. The ligand exchanged QDs were however stable in solution for over two weeks. The effects of reaction parameters on the optical and structural properties of the organometallic synthesized QDs were investigated by varying the reaction time, temperature, ligand purity, lead and selenium sources. It was observed that larger QDs were formed with longer reaction times, with reactions proceeding faster at higher reaction temperatures than at lower temperatures. Varying the ligand purity was found to have minimal effects on the properties of the synthesized QDs. The lead and selenium sources contributed largely to the properties of the QDs with lead oxide producing spherical QDs which were smaller compared to the cubic QDs produced from lead acetate. TBPSe was seen to produce smaller QDs as compared to TOPSe. The cytotoxity of the synthesized QDs was determined following the WST-1 cell viability assay with the QDs being found to be non-toxic at all the tested concentrations

Les mono-couches auto-assemblées (SAMs) sont des systèmes de choix pour le développement de plateformes moléculaires aux propriétés physico-chimiques contrôlées. Il s’agit de monocouches organisées de molécules bi-fonctionnelles. Ces molécules se composent d’une fonction terminale modulable, séparée d’un groupement d’ancrage par un espaceur adapté. Ainsi, les propriétés des SAMs peuvent être ajustées pour le développement de systèmes électroniques moléculaires ou de capteurs (bio)-chimiques. De plus, des structurations chimiques supplémentaires peuvent être induites par irradiation.Les méthodes d’irradiation les plus courantes impliquent des particules de haute énergie. Les dommages induits résultent de plusieurs mécanismes en compétition (ionisations, excitations, dissociations). Dans cette thèse, les électrons lents (0-20 eV) sont utilisés comme particules primaires, et les processus d’interaction électron-SAM sont étudiés afin d’identifier les résonances d’attachement électronique. Aux énergies concernées, des processus dissociatifs sélectifs et efficaces peuvent être mis à profit pour proposer des stratégies d’irradiation menant à des modifications chimiques contrôlées et optimisées.Des SAMs modèles de thiols sur or sont étudiées par une technique de spectroscopie vibrationnelle de forte sensibilité de surface, la spectroscopie de perte d’énergie d’électrons lents (HREELS). Elle permet à la fois de caractériser les SAMs et de sonder les processus d'interaction électron-molécule. Les résultats obtenus concernent les : 1) SAMs aromatiques modèles de terphénylthiol (HS-(C₆H₄)₂-C₆H₅), stabilisables par réticulation sous irradiation. Une caractérisation vibrationnelle poussée de la SAM avant et après irradiation, en portant une attention particulière au comportement des modes d’élongation ν(CH), a permis d’opposer les processus de réactivité induite à 1, 6 et 50 eV.2) SAMs d’acide mercaptoundécanoïque (HS-(CH₂)₁ ₀ -COOH), les fonctions acides terminales permettant par exemple le greffage de peptides. L’interface SAM / environnement (COO-/COOH, eau résiduelle) a été caractérisée grâce à la forte sensibilité des modes d’élongation ν(OH) aux liaisons hydrogène. La démarche mise en place peut être facilement transposée à d’autres systèmes. / Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) are good candidates to develop molecular platforms with controlled physico-chemical properties. A SAM is an ordered monolayer of bi-functionnal molecules. These molecules consist of an adjustable terminal function, separated from a headgroup by a chosen spacer chain. Thus, SAMs properties can be adjusted for the development of molecular electronic systems or (bio)-chemical sensors. Furthermore, additional chemical structuration can be induced by irradiation.Most current methods of irradiation involve high energy particles. The induced damages result from several competitive mechanisms (ionisations, excitations, dissociations). In this thesis, low energy electrons (0-20 eV) are used as primary particles, and the interaction processes between electrons and SAMs are studied in order to identify electron attachment resonances. At the associated energies, selective and effective dissociative processes can be induced to propose irradiation strategies leading to controlled and optimized chemical modifications.Model SAMs of thiols on gold are studied by a vibrational spectroscopy technique of strong surface sensibility, high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). It allows at the same time to characterize SAMs and to probe electron-molecule interaction processes. The result obtained deal with : 1) Aromatic model SAMs of Terphenyl-thiol (HS-(C₆H₄)₂-C₆H₅), which can be stabilized by cross-linking under irradiation. Induced reactive processes at 1, 6 and 50 eV were compared and opposed, thanks to an advanced vibrational characterization of the SAM before and after irradiation, and by paying a particular attention to the stretching mode ν(CH) behaviour.2) Mercaptoundecanoic acid SAMs (HS-(CH₂)₁ ₀ -COOH), whose terminal functions allow for example the peptide anchoring. The interface SAM / environment (COO-/COOH, residual water) was characterized thanks to the strong sensitivity of the stretching modes ν(OH) to hydrogen bonding. The approach that was developped can be easily transposed to other systems.

This master thesis deals with nanotechnology, nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, electrochemical methods, especially voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and contact angle measurement. One part is focused on electrodes primarily nanostructured and modified by substancies with thiol bound. Tutorial for preparation of gold nanostructured electrods is introduced in practical section including SEM photos of electrode surface. Nanostructured and bare gold electrodes were modified by 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, streptavidin, glycine and biotin and measured by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and contact angle.

Diploma thesis deals of nanostructured surfaces, nanoparticles and electrochemical characterization methods such as cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The aim of this thesis is a theoretical research issues of production and characterization nanostructured modified electrodes. The practical part is the production of biomodified nanostructured electrodes by anodi- zation W/Al layers with galvanic deposition of gold or deposition of mercury, a modifi- cation of the electrodes by 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and by bovine serum albumin (BSA). The thesis includes SEM images of nanostructured electrodes contact angle mea- surements of these electrodes and form an electrical circuit with subsequent simulation waveforms.