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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Hierarchical control in task switching

Liu, Chialun January 2018 (has links)
Human flexible behaviour is often seen in everyday life tasks. These tasks (e.g., making coffee) are composed of actions (e.g., pouring sugar) that are typically nested within a large task structures made of superordinate components and nested subcomponents. Task switching has been adopted widely as an effective tool to explore the mechanisms of flexible behaviour and can be easily adapted to real-life situations. The core hypothesis explored in this thesis was that there might be another level of control that is responsible for coordinating and scheduling actions in task switching, which I label "meta-control". My first project aimed to establish robust behavioural evidence of meta-control. To test this hypothesis, switching efficiency was treated as a measure of meta-control influence. In a novel design, participants' beliefs about switch probability were manipulated through explicit instruction, allowing manipulation of meta-level control independent of the specific sequence of tasks required. The first three behavioural experiments demonstrated behaviorally that instructions influenced the efficiency of switching even when low-level (bottom-up) experience was matched, and that this effect was motivation-dependent. In follow-up studies, this meta-control influence was found to bias voluntary task selection. Two EEG studies aimed to characterize the level at which instruction affected processing. Motor and task levels were examined with lateralized motor potentials and oscillatory alpha power, respectively. Effects of instruction only existed on alpha power. Overall, the results suggest that expectancy prompts the adoption of distinct control modes across sequences of trials. The second project explored meta-control in a task switching paradigm with a hierarchical task structure in very short (2-4 trial) sequences that were preceded by instructions about switch frequency or switch position. The experiments focused on the benefits and costs of sequence structure, based on the hypothesis that trial sequences are treated as coherent units. Three behavioural studies were conducted for testing this hypothesis. The first utilized instructions about switch frequency to test for sequence transition effects and their influence on switching performance at the trial level. In two subsequent experiments, instructions made explicit the position of a task switch. The results confirmed that instructions about switch position helped participants to build useful sequence representations, and that alternating between sequences influenced trial-level switch processes. Generally, sequence representations have a persisting influence across trials and a pronounced impact at the first trial position of sequences. The experiments in this thesis provide evidence of meta-control in task switching. The first conclusion is that meta-control can be studied with the novel experimental design introduced in this thesis and was found to be reward dependent. The second conclusion is that meta-control acts as a set of parameters that can modulate the mode of control in a sustained way across trials.
2

Programação genética: operadores de crossover, blocos construtivos e emergência semântica / Genetic programming: crossover operators, building blocks and semantic emergence

Inhasz, Rafael 19 March 2010 (has links)
Os algoritmos evolutivos são métodos heurísticos utilizados para a solução de problemas de otimização e que possuem mecanismos de busca inspirados nos conceitos da Teoria de Evolução das Espécies. Entre os algoritmos evolutivos mais populares, estão os Algoritmos Genéticos (GA) e a Programação Genética (GP). Essas duas técnicas possuem como ponto em comum o uso pesado do operador de recombinação, ou \"crossover\" - mecanismo pelo qual novas soluções são geradas a partir da combinação entre soluções existentes. O que as diferencia é a flexibilidade - enquanto que nos algoritmos genéticos as soluções são representadas por códigos binários, na programação genética essa representação é feita por algoritmos que podem assumir qualquer forma ou extensão. A preferência pelo operador de crossover não é simplesmente uma característica em comum das duas técnicas supracitadas, mas um poderoso diferencial. Na medida em que os indivíduos (as soluções) são selecionados de acordo com a respectiva qualidade, o uso do operador crossover tende a aumentar mais rapidamente a qualidade média da população se as partes boas de cada solução combinada (os \"building blocks\") forem preservadas. Holland [1975] prova matematicamente que sob determinadas condições esse efeito ocorrerá em algoritmos genéticos, em um resultado que ficou conhecido como \"Schema Theorem of GAs\". Entretanto, a implementação prática de GA (e, em especial, de GP) geralmente não ocorre segundo as condições supostas neste teorema. Diversos estudos têm mostrado que a extensão variável das estruturas utilizadas em GP dão um caráter de mutação ao operador de crossover, na medida em que a seleção aleatória dos pontos de combinação pode levar à destruição dos building blocks. Este trabalho propõe um novo operador de crossover, baseado em uma técnica de meta-controle que orienta a seleção dos pontos para a recombinação das soluções, respeitando o histórico de recombinação de cada ponto e a compatibilidade semântica entre as \"partes\" de cada solução que são \"trocadas\" neste processo. O método proposto é comparado ao crossover tradicional em um estudo empírico ligado à área Financeira, no qual o problema apresentado consiste em replicar a carteira de um fundo de investimentos setorial. Os resultados mostram que o método proposto possui performance claramente superior ao crossover tradicional, além de proporcionar a emergência de semântica entre as soluções ótimas. / Evolutionary algorithms are heuristic methods used to find solutions to optimization problems. These methods use stochastic search mechanisms inspired by Natural Selection Theory. Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming are two of the most popular evolutionary algorithms. These techniques make intensive use of crossover operators, a mechanism responsible for generating new individuals recombining parts of existing solutions. The choice of crossover operator to be used is very important for the algorithms´ performance. If individuals are selected according to the fitness, the use of crossover operator helps to quickly increase the average quality of the population. In GA we also observe the emergence of \"building blocks\", that is, encapsulated parts of good solutions that are often preserved during the recombination process. Holland [1975] proves that, under some conditions, this phenomenon will occur in GAs. This result is known as Schema Theorem of GAs. However, practical implementations of these algorithms may be far away from the conditions stated in Holland´s theorem. In these non-ideal conditions, several factor may contribute to higher rates of destructive crossover (building blocks destruction). This work proposes a new crossover operator, based on a meta-control technique that drives selection of crossover points according to recombination history and semantic compatibility between the code blocks to be switched. The proposed method is compared to common crossover in a case study concerning the replication of an investment fund. Our results show that the proposed method has better performance than the common crossover. Meta-control techniques also facilitate the emergence of building blocks that, in turn, give raise to emergent semantics that can be used to give meaning or interpretations to an optimal solution and its components.
3

Programação genética: operadores de crossover, blocos construtivos e emergência semântica / Genetic programming: crossover operators, building blocks and semantic emergence

Rafael Inhasz 19 March 2010 (has links)
Os algoritmos evolutivos são métodos heurísticos utilizados para a solução de problemas de otimização e que possuem mecanismos de busca inspirados nos conceitos da Teoria de Evolução das Espécies. Entre os algoritmos evolutivos mais populares, estão os Algoritmos Genéticos (GA) e a Programação Genética (GP). Essas duas técnicas possuem como ponto em comum o uso pesado do operador de recombinação, ou \"crossover\" - mecanismo pelo qual novas soluções são geradas a partir da combinação entre soluções existentes. O que as diferencia é a flexibilidade - enquanto que nos algoritmos genéticos as soluções são representadas por códigos binários, na programação genética essa representação é feita por algoritmos que podem assumir qualquer forma ou extensão. A preferência pelo operador de crossover não é simplesmente uma característica em comum das duas técnicas supracitadas, mas um poderoso diferencial. Na medida em que os indivíduos (as soluções) são selecionados de acordo com a respectiva qualidade, o uso do operador crossover tende a aumentar mais rapidamente a qualidade média da população se as partes boas de cada solução combinada (os \"building blocks\") forem preservadas. Holland [1975] prova matematicamente que sob determinadas condições esse efeito ocorrerá em algoritmos genéticos, em um resultado que ficou conhecido como \"Schema Theorem of GAs\". Entretanto, a implementação prática de GA (e, em especial, de GP) geralmente não ocorre segundo as condições supostas neste teorema. Diversos estudos têm mostrado que a extensão variável das estruturas utilizadas em GP dão um caráter de mutação ao operador de crossover, na medida em que a seleção aleatória dos pontos de combinação pode levar à destruição dos building blocks. Este trabalho propõe um novo operador de crossover, baseado em uma técnica de meta-controle que orienta a seleção dos pontos para a recombinação das soluções, respeitando o histórico de recombinação de cada ponto e a compatibilidade semântica entre as \"partes\" de cada solução que são \"trocadas\" neste processo. O método proposto é comparado ao crossover tradicional em um estudo empírico ligado à área Financeira, no qual o problema apresentado consiste em replicar a carteira de um fundo de investimentos setorial. Os resultados mostram que o método proposto possui performance claramente superior ao crossover tradicional, além de proporcionar a emergência de semântica entre as soluções ótimas. / Evolutionary algorithms are heuristic methods used to find solutions to optimization problems. These methods use stochastic search mechanisms inspired by Natural Selection Theory. Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming are two of the most popular evolutionary algorithms. These techniques make intensive use of crossover operators, a mechanism responsible for generating new individuals recombining parts of existing solutions. The choice of crossover operator to be used is very important for the algorithms´ performance. If individuals are selected according to the fitness, the use of crossover operator helps to quickly increase the average quality of the population. In GA we also observe the emergence of \"building blocks\", that is, encapsulated parts of good solutions that are often preserved during the recombination process. Holland [1975] proves that, under some conditions, this phenomenon will occur in GAs. This result is known as Schema Theorem of GAs. However, practical implementations of these algorithms may be far away from the conditions stated in Holland´s theorem. In these non-ideal conditions, several factor may contribute to higher rates of destructive crossover (building blocks destruction). This work proposes a new crossover operator, based on a meta-control technique that drives selection of crossover points according to recombination history and semantic compatibility between the code blocks to be switched. The proposed method is compared to common crossover in a case study concerning the replication of an investment fund. Our results show that the proposed method has better performance than the common crossover. Meta-control techniques also facilitate the emergence of building blocks that, in turn, give raise to emergent semantics that can be used to give meaning or interpretations to an optimal solution and its components.

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