No description available.

Sex steroids influence the storing of fat, and differences in the distribution of fat are a typical secondary sexual characteristic. Androgens act on fatty tissues in males either directly through stimulation of the androgen receptor or indirectly through aromatization of the estrogen receptor. Androgens can be classified as aromatizable or non-aromatizable. Testosterone (T) is the main aromatizable androgen, while its metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a non-aromatizable androgen that acts only through the androgen receptor. It is precisely this difference in having activity only through the androgen receptor that has given rise to the hypothesis concerning the differing effects of DHT and T on body composition, with DHT possibly being responsible for male-type fat distribution. As part of my post-graduate studies we analyzed the dependence serum levels of T and DHT on age, as well as changes in their ratio with age. Further, we sought relationships between aromatizable and non-aromatizable androgens and metabolic and anthropometric parameters. We also focused on following any changes in steroidogenesis in obese males. We showed that before puberty the dominant androgen is rather DHT than T, that the fDHT/fT ratio during the life of adult males is constant, and that there is no evidence of a reversal...

Sex steroids influence the storing of fat, and differences in the distribution of fat are a typical secondary sexual characteristic. Androgens act on fatty tissues in males either directly through stimulation of the androgen receptor or indirectly through aromatization of the estrogen receptor. Androgens can be classified as aromatizable or non-aromatizable. Testosterone (T) is the main aromatizable androgen, while its metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a non-aromatizable androgen that acts only through the androgen receptor. It is precisely this difference in having activity only through the androgen receptor that has given rise to the hypothesis concerning the differing effects of DHT and T on body composition, with DHT possibly being responsible for male-type fat distribution. As part of my post-graduate studies we analyzed the dependence serum levels of T and DHT on age, as well as changes in their ratio with age. Further, we sought relationships between aromatizable and non-aromatizable androgens and metabolic and anthropometric parameters. We also focused on following any changes in steroidogenesis in obese males. We showed that before puberty the dominant androgen is rather DHT than T, that the fDHT/fT ratio during the life of adult males is constant, and that there is no evidence of a reversal...

The thesis deals with the analysis of the phase feeding in herds of Holstein cattle in specific operating conditions and its relation to milk yield and health of dairy cows. In the reference event to be optimized ration drystanding cows and lactating cows in comparison protocols laboratory analysis of mixed rations to standard NRC by the enterprise uses for compiling rations. The thesis was evaluated the effect of ration on milk yield and content of milk components and also affect the incidence of metabolic disorders. The aim of the thesis was to analyze the phase nutrition of dairy cows in the reporting company in relation to milk production and health, to evaluace the quality of feed rations, some feed and feeding technique. It was found that the monitored parameters do not match any breed mixed rations used in the standard, which could lead to reduced levels of production and reproduction and deterioration in health of dairy cows. It was further found that in the observed rearing occur very frequent occurrence of metabolic disturbances and fluctuations in the milk production.

THE INFLUENCE OF CENTRAL SEROTONINERGIC AND DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY ON NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS MUDr. Ludmila Brunerová SUMMARY Introduction: Neuromediators dopamine and serotonin play a significant role in homeostatic and hedonic regulation of food intake, may exert direct metabolic effects and particularly serotonin influences affectivity. Their central activity could be quantified by functional tests. Common regulatory mediators of metabolism and affectivity represent an interesting research goal. Aims of study: The first aim was to describe the relationship between central serotoninergic activity measured by citalopram challenge test, affectivity, preference of macronutrients in food and metabolic profile in healthy men. The second aim was to confirm the use of sublingual apomorphine test as a functional test for assessment of central dopaminergic activity. The third aim was to reveal the relationship between central dopaminergic activity measured by sublingual apomorphine test, preference of macronutrients and metabolic profile. Methods: The study was performed on 42 healthy men (average age 43.5 ± 7.4 years and average BMI 27.4 ± 5.7 kg/mš) within 4 days with a week interval in between them. Anthropometric and...

THE INFLUENCE OF CENTRAL SEROTONINERGIC AND DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY ON NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS MUDr. Ludmila Brunerová SUMMARY Introduction: Neuromediators dopamine and serotonin play a significant role in homeostatic and hedonic regulation of food intake, may exert direct metabolic effects and particularly serotonin influences affectivity. Their central activity could be quantified by functional tests. Common regulatory mediators of metabolism and affectivity represent an interesting research goal. Aims of study: The first aim was to describe the relationship between central serotoninergic activity measured by citalopram challenge test, affectivity, preference of macronutrients in food and metabolic profile in healthy men. The second aim was to confirm the use of sublingual apomorphine test as a functional test for assessment of central dopaminergic activity. The third aim was to reveal the relationship between central dopaminergic activity measured by sublingual apomorphine test, preference of macronutrients and metabolic profile. Methods: The study was performed on 42 healthy men (average age 43.5 ± 7.4 years and average BMI 27.4 ± 5.7 kg/mš) within 4 days with a week interval in between them. Anthropometric and...

This dissertation thesis is focused on development and optimization of high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods, and its utility for diagnosis of inherited metabolic diseases. The first thematic part describes a comprehensive laboratory approach to diagnostics of patients with hereditary xanthinuria by determination of specific markers and enzyme activity. For this purpose HPLC method with diode array detection for measurement of hypoxanthine, xanthine, allopurinol and oxypurinol in urine and plasma and HPLC method with fluorimetric detection for analysis of pterin and isoxanthopterin in plasma were employed. These methods were successfully applied in clinical practice to ascertain two patients with hereditary xanthinuria type I. The second thematic part aims at developing and clinical application of new LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of total homocysteine (tHcy), methionine (Met) and cystathionine (Cysta) in dried blood spots (DBS) and plasma. The results demonstrated the clinical utility of this method for detection of patients with homocystinuria and possibility to distinguish between defects in the remethylation and transsulfuration pathways of homocysteine metabolism. Due to ease of DBS collection and sample transportation...

The aim of this diploma thesis was to assess the current knowledge of the pupils of 8th and 9th grades of primary schools about selected chronical non-infectious diseases (known as civilisation diseases). The pupils of rural and urban types of primary schools have taken part in the questionnaire survey. The theoretical part is focused on the characteristics of selected diseases, their causes and prevention. In the practical part, the results of the survey are processed and evaluated.

Changes in bone and mineral metabolism and the role of vitamin D in very low birth weight infants. Firstly, the aim of dissertation work was to estimate physiological parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and their relationship with bone metabolism parameters in otherwise healthy preterm newborns with birth weight 1000-1500 g. Secondly, to evaluate vitamin D status in mothers and their very low birth weight infants (VLBW) at birth and at discharge with currently recommended supplementation of vitamin D. Thirdly, to compare clinical outcomes of VLBW infants with 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels ≤ and > 25 nmol/l in umbilical cord blood and finally to evaluate umbilical cord vitamin D as a risk factor for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. It is a set of prospective observational studies involving immature newborns with birth weight below 1500 g. The parameters of mineral and bone metabolism were analysed in umbilical cord blood and newborn serum and urine during hospitalisation (PTH, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, S-Ca, S-P, ALP, U-Ca, U-P) and in pregnant women before delivery (25-hydroxy vitamin D). Bone mineralization was evaluated by bone densitometry. In a pilot study, from the total 134 examined serum samples for PTH levels the estimated reference range was 1.6 - 9.3 pmol/l. From the...

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a unicellular eukaryotic organism capable of forming organized multicellular communities - colonies and biofilms. During development, colonies of laboratory strains differentiate into specifically localized cell subpopulations - U and L cells, located in the upper and lower part of the colony, respectively. The U and L subpopulations of cells vary in morphology, metabolic processes and stress resistance. Protein granules are membrane-less "organelles" found in both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms. The formation of protein granules is related to the physiological state of the cell (e.g. chronological and replicative aging), but also to changing environmental conditions and to cellular responses to stress factors. A relatively large fraction of proteins relocalizes to some type of protein granule during the lifespan of the cell. Granule formation can increase fitness of cells, help them to cope with limiting energy resources, and plays a crucial role in the adaptation of cells to stress conditions. Localization of many proteins in the cell varies depending on its physiology. Therefore the specific localization of such proteins may be considered as a "marker" of a specific physiological condition. There are proteins in each type of granule that can be...