The objective of this project is to investigate hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), a crucial step in the treatment of bio-oil, on transition metal phosphide catalysts. The study focuses on reactions of simple oxygenated compounds present in bio-oil -- ethanol and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF). The findings from this project provide fundamental knowledge towards the hydrodeoxygenation of more complex bio-oil compounds. Ultimately, the knowledge contributes to the design of optimum catalysts for upgrading bio-oil. A series of transition metal phosphides was prepared and tested; however, the focus was on Ni2P/SiO2. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction and desorption (TPR and TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and chemisorption were used. In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to monitor the surface of Ni2P during various experiments such as: CO and pyridine adsorption and transient state of ethanol and 2-MTHF reactions. The use of these techniques allowed for a better understanding of the role of the catalyst during deoxygenation. / Ph. D.

<p>Future energy systems based on hydrogen as energy carrier require reliable ways for storing hydrogen gas in safe, clean and efficient ways. Metal hydrides absorb hydrogen gas reversibly, making them suitable for storage applications. Investigations of the crystal structures of these materials contribute to an understanding of the factors which can influence the absorption<i>. </i></p><p>Three systems, Ti₃Sn-D, Nb₄MSi-D (M=Co or Ni) and Pd-Ni-P, have been investigated in this thesis. Various solid state synthesis techniques have been used for sample preparation. The crystal structures have been studied using x-ray and neutron diffraction techniques.</p><p>Three metal hydride phases were found in the Ti₃Sn-D system upon hydrogenation. Deuterium occupies titanium octahedra and the applied deuterium pressure induces the phase transitions. The distances between the deuterium atoms increase from 2.47 Å in orthorhombic Ti₃SnD_0.80 to 4.17 Å in cubic Ti₃SnD.</p><p>The Nb₄MSi-D system (M=Co or Ni) readily absorbs deuterium at room temperature and 90 kPa deuterium pressure to give a deuterium content of Nb₄MSiD_~2.5. Two interstitial voids, both coordinated by four niobium atoms arranged in a tetrahedral configuration, accommodate deuterium atoms. </p><p>Two ternary phases and a solid solution of nickel in Pd₃P have been synthesised and the crystal structures determined. PdNi₂P is orthorhombic and crystallises in the MgCuAl₂-type structure: an ordered derivative of the Re₃B-type structure. Pd₈Ni₃₁P₁₆ is a tetragonal high-temperature phase stable at 700°C with 110 atoms in the unit cell. Pd_2.7Ni_0.3P_0.94 has the cementite-type structure with mixed occupancy of palladium and nickel at one of the two non-equivalent crystallographic metal positions.</p>

Future energy systems based on hydrogen as energy carrier require reliable ways for storing hydrogen gas in safe, clean and efficient ways. Metal hydrides absorb hydrogen gas reversibly, making them suitable for storage applications. Investigations of the crystal structures of these materials contribute to an understanding of the factors which can influence the absorption. Three systems, Ti3Sn-D, Nb4MSi-D (M=Co or Ni) and Pd-Ni-P, have been investigated in this thesis. Various solid state synthesis techniques have been used for sample preparation. The crystal structures have been studied using x-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. Three metal hydride phases were found in the Ti3Sn-D system upon hydrogenation. Deuterium occupies titanium octahedra and the applied deuterium pressure induces the phase transitions. The distances between the deuterium atoms increase from 2.47 Å in orthorhombic Ti3SnD0.80 to 4.17 Å in cubic Ti3SnD. The Nb4MSi-D system (M=Co or Ni) readily absorbs deuterium at room temperature and 90 kPa deuterium pressure to give a deuterium content of Nb4MSiD~2.5. Two interstitial voids, both coordinated by four niobium atoms arranged in a tetrahedral configuration, accommodate deuterium atoms. Two ternary phases and a solid solution of nickel in Pd3P have been synthesised and the crystal structures determined. PdNi2P is orthorhombic and crystallises in the MgCuAl2-type structure: an ordered derivative of the Re3B-type structure. Pd8Ni31P16 is a tetragonal high-temperature phase stable at 700°C with 110 atoms in the unit cell. Pd2.7Ni0.3P0.94 has the cementite-type structure with mixed occupancy of palladium and nickel at one of the two non-equivalent crystallographic metal positions.

In this thesis, the feasibility of employing organometallic single-source precursors in the preparation of advanced transition metal pnictide materials such as colloidal nanoparticles and films has been investigated. In particular, the ternary FeMnP phase was targeted as a model for preparing advanced heterobimetallic phosphide materials, and the iron-rich Fe 3 P phase was targeted due to its favorable ferromagnetic properties as well as the fact that the preparation of advanced Fe 3 P materials has been elusive by commonly used methods. Progress towards the synthesis of advanced Fe 2-x Mn x P nanomaterials and films was facilitated by the synthesis of the novel heterobimetallic complexes FeMn(CO) 8 (μ-PR 1 R 2 ) (R 1 = H, R 2 = H or R 1 = H, R 2 = Ph), which contain the relatively rare μ-PH2 and μ-PPhH functionalities. Iron rich Fe 2-x Mn x P nanoparticles were obtained by thermal decomposition of FeMn(CO) 8 (μ-PH 2 ) using solution-based synthetic methods, and empirical evidence suggested that oleic acid was responsible for manganese depletion. Films containing Fe, Mn, and P with the desired stoichiometric ratio of 1:1:1 were prepared using FeMn(CO) 8 (μ-PH 2 ) in a simple low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) apparatus. Although the elemental composition of the precursor was conserved in the deposited film material, spectroscopic evidence indicated that the films were not composed of pure-phase FeMnP, but were actually mixtures of crystalline FeMnP and amorphous FeP and Mn x O y . A new method for the preparation of phase-pure ferromagnetic Fe 3 P films on quartz substrates has also been developed. This approach involved the thermal decomposition of the single-source precursors H 2 Fe 3 (CO) 9 PR (R = t Bu or Ph) at 400 °C. The films were deposited using a simple home-built MOCVD apparatus and were characterized using a variety of analytical methods. The films exhibited excellent phase purity, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field-dependent magnetization measurements, the results of which were all in good agreement with measurements obtained from bulk Fe 3 P. As-deposited Fe 3 P films were found to be amorphous, and little or no magnetic hysteresis was observed in plots of magnetization versus applied field. Annealing the Fe 3 P films at 550 °C resulted in improved crystallinity as well as the observation of magnetic hysteresis.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El efecto invernadero, causado por el consumo masivo de combustibles fósiles en los últimos 100 años, ha exacerbado la tendencia del calentamiento global y también ha tenido un impacto severo en la salud humana y el medio ambiente ecológico. Las tecnologías de generación de energía renovable son cruciales para abordar el cambio climático y lograr la sostenibilidad energética, pero estas tecnologías también enfrentan algunos problemas y desafíos comunes, como la intermitencia y la imprevisibilidad, la integración y estabilidad de la red, problemas de almacenamiento de energía, etc. Por lo tanto, investigar dispositivos eficientes de almacenamiento de energía electroquímica y desarrollar tecnologías avanzadas de conversión de energía eléctrica renovable en energía química se vuelve particularmente crucial. El supercondensador es un nuevo tipo de dispositivo de almacenamiento de energía electroquímica que permite el rápido ciclo de descarga y carga. Su mayor densidad de potencia, capacidades de carga y descarga rápidas, amplio rango de temperatura de operación y seguridad permiten aplicaciones generalizadas en fuentes de alimentación de respaldo industriales, vehículos eléctricos, el sector militar y otros campos. Por lo tanto, en la tesis doctoral actual, se han utilizado materiales de óxido de metal y fosfuro de metal como electrodos de supercondensador para el estudio de los mecanismos de almacenamiento de energía y explorar el potencial para aplicaciones prácticas. Por otro lado, convertir la energía eléctrica sostenible en energía química para almacenamiento y utilización también es una forma efectiva, en la que la energía eléctrica se utiliza para impulsar reacciones químicas no espontáneas. La tesis doctoral actual desarrolló un catalizador de fosfuro de metal utilizando un método de síntesis verde y libre de contaminación y lo aplicó a reacciones electrocatalíticas de división de agua. Los resultados experimentales muestran que el material puede operar de manera estable durante mucho tiempo a alta densidad de corriente. Además, la conversión electrocatalítica de nitrato a amoníaco se considera una ruta eficiente para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de nitrato y la producción de combustible de amoníaco rico en hidrógeno. Preparamos con éxito un catalizador de carburo bimetálico utilizando un método sonoquímico, que muestra excelentes propiedades de reducción de nitrato de baja sobretensión y alta eficiencia de rendimiento de amoníaco. / [CA] L'efecte hivernacle, causat pel consum massiu de combustibles fòssils en els últims 100 anys, ha exacerbà la tendència del escalfament global i també ha tingut un impacte sever en la salut humana i el medi ambient ecològic. Les tecnologies de generació d'energia renovable són crucials per a abordar el canvi climàtic i aconseguir la sostenibilitat energètica, però aquestes tecnologies també enfronten alguns problemes i desafiaments comuns, com la intermitència i la imprevisibilitat, la integració i estabilitat de la xarxa, problemes d'emmagatzematge d'energia, etc. Per tant, investigar dispositius eficients d'emmagatzematge d'energia electroquímica i desenvolupar tecnologies avançades de conversió d'energia elèctrica renovable en energia química es torna particularment crucial. El supercondensador és un nou tipus de dispositiu d'emmagatzematge d'energia electroquímica que permet el ràpid cicle de descàrrega i càrrega. La seua major densitat de potència, capacitats de càrrega i descàrrega ràpides, ampli rang de temperatura d'operació i seguretat permeten aplicacions generalitzades en fonts d'alimentació de reserva industrials, vehicles elèctrics, el sector militar i altres camps. Per tant, en la tesi doctoral actual, s'han utilitzat materials d'òxid de metall i fosfurs de metall com a electrodos de supercondensador per a l'estudi dels mecanismes d'emmagatzematge d'energia i explorar el potencial per a aplicacions pràctiques. D'altra banda, convertir l'energia elèctrica sostenible en energia química per a emmagatzematge i utilització també és una forma efectiva, en la qual l'energia elèctrica s'utilitza per a impulsar reaccions químiques no espontànies. La tesi doctoral actual va desenvolupar un catalitzador de fosfurs de metall utilitzant un mètode de síntesi verd i lliure de contaminació i l'aplicà a reaccions electrocatalítiques de divisió d'aigua. Els resultats experimentals mostren que el material pot operar de manera estable durant molt temps a alta densitat de corrent. A més, la conversió electrocatalítica de nitrats a amoníac es considera una ruta eficient per al tractament d'aigües residuals de nitrats i la producció de combustible d'amoníac ric en hidrogen. Vam preparar amb èxit un catalitzador de carburs bimetàlics utilitzant un mètode sonoquímic, que mostra excel·lents propietats de reducció de nitrats de baixa sobretensió i alta eficiència de rendiment d'amoníac. / [EN] The greenhouse effect, caused by the massive consumption of fossil fuels over the past 100 years, has exacerbated the trend of global climate warming and has also severe impact on human health and the ecological environment. Renewable energy power generation technologies are crucial for addressing climate change and achieving energy sustainability, but these technologies also face some common problems and challenges, such as intermittency and unpredictability, grid integration and stability, energy storage issues, etc. Therefore, researching efficient electrochemical energy storage devices and developing advanced energy technologies converting renewable electrical energy into chemical energy becomes particularly crucial. Supercapacitor is a novel type of electrochemical energy storage device that enables the rapid cycle of discharge and charge. Its greater power density, rapid charge-discharge capabilities, wider operating temperature range and safety allow widespread applications in industrial backup power supplies, electric vehicles, the military sector, and other fields. Therefore, in the current doctoral thesis, metal oxides and metal phosphide materials have been employed as supercapacitor electrodes for the study of energy storage mechanisms and explore the potential for practical applications. On the other hand, converting sustainable electrical energy into chemical energy for storage and utilization is also an effective way, in which electrical energy is employed to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions. The current doctoral thesis developed a metal phosphide catalyst using a green and pollution-free synthesis method and applied it to electrocatalytic water-splitting reactions. Experimental results show that the material can operate stably for a long time at high current density. Furthermore, electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate to ammonia is considered an efficient route for nitrate wastewater treatment and production of hydrogen-rich ammonia fuel. We successfully prepared a bimetallic carbide catalyst using a sonochemical method, which exhibits excellent low overpotential nitrate reduction and high-efficiency ammonia yield properties. / Hu, J. (2024). Metal Oxides, Carbides and Phosphides for Supercapacitor and Electrocatalysis [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/207537 / Compendio