Resumo: A progressão da doença periodontal é marcada pela excessiva produção de citocinas que, por sua vez, promove o aumento de outros mediadores inflamatórios, entre os quais, de metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs). MMP-13 é uma colagenase de regulação complexa que tem sido relacionada à degradação da matriz extracelular (ECM) e à reabsorção óssea em diversas condições inflamatórias, incluindo doença periodontal e artrite reumatóide. A regulação da expressão gênica requer a ativação de várias vias de sinalização através da interação de receptores celulares específicos a estímulos externos, como antígenos bacterianos e citocinas derivadas do hospedeiro. A complexidade da rede de citocinas estabelecida durante a progressão da doença periodontal depende das vias de sinalização ativadas, as quais são influenciadas pela natureza do estímulo extracelular. Considerando o papel fundamental das vias de sinalização no controle da expressão gênica de citocinas e a relevante atividade de MMP-13 na doença periodontal, este estudo avaliou a expressão de MMP-13 e as vias de sinalização ativadas durante o curso de dois modelos de doença periodontal induzida experimentalmente. A expressão de MMP-13 nos níveis de RNA mensageiro (mRNA) e proteína foram avaliados por RT-PCR e Western Blot, respectivamente. A cinética de ativação das vias de sinalização intracelular relacionadas à expressão de mediadores inflamatórios também foi verificada por Western Blot. Estes achados foram relacionados à severidade da reação inflamatória determinada por estereometria. Dois modelos experimentais foram usados: injeção de LPS e colocação de ligadura. Injeções de LPS de Eschericia coli foram realizadas na região palatina de molares superiores 2 vezes por semana (30 μg por aplicação). Ligaduras foram colocadas na região cervical dos primeiros molares inferiores. / Abstract: The hallmark of destructive periodontal disease progression is the overproduction of cytokines which promotes the increased expression of other inflammatory mediators such as, MMPs. MMP-13 is a collagenase of complex gene regulation that has been implicated on ECM degradation and bone resorption in several inflammatory conditions, including periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Regulation of gene expression requires the activation of several signaling pathways through receptor-ligand binding of external stimuli represented by bacterial antigens and/or host-derived cytokines. The complexity of the cytokine network established during periodontal disease progression results from the signaling pathways activated, which are determined by the nature of external stimuli. Thus, considering the fundamental role of signaling pathways on regulation of cytokine gene expression and the relevant role of MMP-13 in periodontal disease, this study evaluated the expression of MMP-13 and the signaling pathways activated during the course of two experimentallyinduced periodontal disease models. Expression of MMP-13 at mRNA and protein levels was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blot, respectively. The activation kinetics of some signaling pathways that are related to the expression of inflammatory mediators was also verified by Western Blot. The two experimental models used were: LPS injections and placement of ligatures. Bi-weekly injections of Eschericia coli LPS were done into the palatal aspect of upper molars (30 μg per injection). Ligatures were placed at the cervical portion of both lower first molars. The control animals received injections of PBS vehicle on the palatal gingiva of upper molars, whereas no ligatures were placed on the lower molars. / Orientador: Carlos Rossa Junior / Coorientador: Joni Augusto Cirelli / Banca: Luis Carlos Spolidorio / Banca: Raquel Fernanda Gerlach / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 aquino_sg_me_arafo.pdf: 704637 bytes, checksum: 57b6c6c83912b4a76a076f13dbd3ee7a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A progressão da doença periodontal é marcada pela excessiva produção de citocinas que, por sua vez, promove o aumento de outros mediadores inflamatórios, entre os quais, de metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs). MMP-13 é uma colagenase de regulação complexa que tem sido relacionada à degradação da matriz extracelular (ECM) e à reabsorção óssea em diversas condições inflamatórias, incluindo doença periodontal e artrite reumatóide. A regulação da expressão gênica requer a ativação de várias vias de sinalização através da interação de receptores celulares específicos a estímulos externos, como antígenos bacterianos e citocinas derivadas do hospedeiro. A complexidade da rede de citocinas estabelecida durante a progressão da doença periodontal depende das vias de sinalização ativadas, as quais são influenciadas pela natureza do estímulo extracelular. Considerando o papel fundamental das vias de sinalização no controle da expressão gênica de citocinas e a relevante atividade de MMP-13 na doença periodontal, este estudo avaliou a expressão de MMP-13 e as vias de sinalização ativadas durante o curso de dois modelos de doença periodontal induzida experimentalmente. A expressão de MMP-13 nos níveis de RNA mensageiro (mRNA) e proteína foram avaliados por RT-PCR e Western Blot, respectivamente. A cinética de ativação das vias de sinalização intracelular relacionadas à expressão de mediadores inflamatórios também foi verificada por Western Blot. Estes achados foram relacionados à severidade da reação inflamatória determinada por estereometria. Dois modelos experimentais foram usados: injeção de LPS e colocação de ligadura. Injeções de LPS de Eschericia coli foram realizadas na região palatina de molares superiores 2 vezes por semana (30 μg por aplicação). Ligaduras foram colocadas na região cervical dos primeiros molares inferiores. / The hallmark of destructive periodontal disease progression is the overproduction of cytokines which promotes the increased expression of other inflammatory mediators such as, MMPs. MMP-13 is a collagenase of complex gene regulation that has been implicated on ECM degradation and bone resorption in several inflammatory conditions, including periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Regulation of gene expression requires the activation of several signaling pathways through receptor-ligand binding of external stimuli represented by bacterial antigens and/or host-derived cytokines. The complexity of the cytokine network established during periodontal disease progression results from the signaling pathways activated, which are determined by the nature of external stimuli. Thus, considering the fundamental role of signaling pathways on regulation of cytokine gene expression and the relevant role of MMP-13 in periodontal disease, this study evaluated the expression of MMP-13 and the signaling pathways activated during the course of two experimentallyinduced periodontal disease models. Expression of MMP-13 at mRNA and protein levels was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blot, respectively. The activation kinetics of some signaling pathways that are related to the expression of inflammatory mediators was also verified by Western Blot. The two experimental models used were: LPS injections and placement of ligatures. Bi-weekly injections of Eschericia coli LPS were done into the palatal aspect of upper molars (30 μg per injection). Ligatures were placed at the cervical portion of both lower first molars. The control animals received injections of PBS vehicle on the palatal gingiva of upper molars, whereas no ligatures were placed on the lower molars.

Height is a complex physical trait that displays strong heritability. Adult height is related to length of the long bones, which is determined by growth at the epiphyseal growth plate. Longitudinal bone growth occurs via the process of endochondral ossification, where bone forms over the differentiating cartilage template at the growth plate. Estrogen plays a major role in regulating longitudinal bone growth and is responsible for inducing the pubertal growth spurt and fusion of the epiphyseal growth plate. However, the mechanism by which estrogen promotes epiphyseal fusion is poorly understood. It has been hypothesised that estrogen functions to regulate growth plate fusion by stimulating chondrocyte apoptosis, angiogenesis and bone cell invasion in the growth plate. Another theory has suggested that estrogen exposure exhausts the proliferative capacity of growth plate chondrocytes, which accelerates the process of chondrocyte senescence, leading to growth plate fusion. The overall objective of this study was to gain a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind estrogen-mediated growth and height attainment by examining gene regulation in chondrocytes and the role of some of these genes in normal height inheritance. With the heritability of height so well established, the initial hypothesis was that genetic variation in candidate genes associated with longitudinal bone growth would be involved in normal adult height variation. The height-related genes FGFR3, CBFA1, ER and CBFA1 were screened for novel polymorphisms using denaturing HPLC and RFLP analysis. In total, 24 polymorphisms were identified. Two SNPs in ER (rs3757323 C>T and rs1801132 G>C) were strongly associated with adult male height and displayed an 8 cm and 9 cm height difference between homozygous genotypes, respectively. The TC haplotype of these SNPs was associated with a 6 cm decrease in height and remarkably, no homozygous carriers of the TC haplotype were identified in tall subjects. No significant associations with height were found for polymorphisms in the FGFR3, CBFA1 or VDR genes. In the epiphyseal growth plate, chondrocyte proliferation, matrix synthesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy are all major contributors to long bone growth. As estrogen plays such a significant role in both growth and final height attainment, another hypothesis of this study was that estrogen exerted its effects in the growth plate by influencing chondrocyte proliferation and mediating the expression of chondrocyte marker genes. The examination of genes regulated by estrogen in chondrocyte-like cells aimed to identify potential regulators of growth plate fusion, which may further elucidate mechanisms involved in the cessation of linear growth. While estrogen did not dramatically alter the proliferation of the SW1353 cell line, gene expression experiments identified several estrogen regulated genes. Sixteen chondrocyte marker genes were examined in response to estrogen concentrations ranging from 10-12 M to 10-8 M over varying time points. Of the genes analysed, IHH, FGFR3, collagen II and collagen X were not readily detectable and PTHrP, GHR, ER, BMP6, SOX9 and TGF1 mRNAs showed no significant response to estrogen treatments. However, the expression of MMP13, CBFA1, BCL-2 and BAX genes were significantly decreased. Interestingly, the majority of estrogen regulated genes in SW1353 cells are expressed in the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate. Estrogen is also known to regulate systemic GH secretion and local GH action. At the molecular level, estrogen functions to inhibit GH action by negatively regulating GH signalling. GH treated SW1353 cells displayed increases in MMP9 mRNA expression (4.4-fold) and MMP13 mRNA expression (64-fold) in SW1353 cells. Increases were also detected in their respective proteins. Treatment with AG490, an established JAK2 inhibitor, blocked the GH mediated stimulation of both MMP9 and MMP13 mRNA expression. The application of estrogen and GH to SW1353 cells attenuated GH-stimulated MMP13 levels, but did not affect MMP9 levels. Investigation of GH signalling revealed that SW1353 cells have high levels of activated JAK2 and exposure to GH, estrogen, AG490 and other signalling inhibitors did not affect JAK2 phosphorylation. Interestingly, AG490 treatment dramatically decreased ERK2 signalling, although GH did stimulate ERK2 phosphorylation above control levels. AG490 also decreased CBFA1 expression, a transcription factor known to activate MMP9 and MMP13. Finally, GH and estrogen treatment increased expression of SOCS3 mRNA, suggesting that SOCS3 may regulate JAK/STAT signalling in SW1353 cells. The modulation of GH-mediated MMP expression by estrogen in SW1353 cells represents a potentially novel mechanism by which estrogen may regulate longitudinal bone growth. However, further investigation is required in order to elucidate the precise mechanisms behind estrogen and GH regulation of MMP13 expression in SW1353 cells. This study has provided additional evidence that estrogen and the ER gene are major factors in the regulation of growth and the determination of adult height. Newly identified polymorphisms in the ER gene not only contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of human height, but may also be useful in association studies examining other complex traits. This study also identified several estrogen regulated genes and indicated that estrogen modifies the expression of genes which are primarily expressed in the hypertrophic region of the epiphyseal growth plate. Furthermore, synergistic studies incorporating GH and estrogen have revealed the ability of estrogen to attenuate the effects of GH on MMP13 expression, revealing potential pathways by which estrogen may modulate growth plate fusion, longitudinal bone growth and even arthritis.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação entre lesões de cárie dentária e defeitos do desenvolvimento do esmalte (DDEs) com o índice de massa corporal e com polimorfismos nos genes que codificam as metaloproteinases 8, 13 e 20, em uma população de crianças amazônicas. A amostra foi constituída de 221 crianças, com idade entre 9 e 12 anos, de ambos os gêneros, matriculadas em quatro escolas públicas da cidade de Manaus - Amazonas. Durante o exame clínico foram obtidos os índices CPO-D e/ou ceo-d, dados referentes aos DDEs e dados antropométricos (peso e altura). Os responsáveis responderam a um questionário sobre hábitos de higiene bucal e dieta. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas como fonte de DNA genômico e, por meio do método Taqman, por PCR em tempo real, realizou-se a genotipagem das regiões rs17099443 e rs3765620 no gene que codifica a MMP8; rs478927 e rs2252070 no gene que codifica a MMP13; e rs1784418 no gene que codifica a MMP20. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística empregando os testes de Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA, Tukey, Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher e a razão de chance, com nível de significância de 5%. De acordo com os resultados obtidos verificou-se que, nas crianças com baixo peso, a média de lesões de cárie dental foi 1,00 (DMP 1,00), nas eutróficas a média de lesões de cárie dental foi de 1,57 (DMP 2,00), nas com sobrepeso, a média foi de 1,44 (DMP 1,86) e nas crianças obesas foi de 3,12 (DMP 2,63). Crianças obesas apresentaram mais lesões de cárie que as crianças eutróficas e com sobrepeso (p<0,05). Nos genes que codificam MMP8, MMP13 e MMP20 os alelos polimórficos foram observados em maior frequência nos indivíduos com experiência de cárie, com associação significativa apenas para o polimorfismo rs478927 no gene que codifica a MMP13 (p=0,043). Com relação aos DDE, os alelos polimórficos foram observados em maior frequência nos genes que codificam MMP8, MMP13 e MMP20, com associação significativa apenas para o polimorfismo rs478927 no gene que codifica a MMP13 (p=0,005). Para o gene que codifica MMP13, houve diferença significativa na distribuição dos genótipos entre os grupos controle e DDE (p=0,017). Com base nos parâmetros analisados e nos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que, em crianças de Manaus-AM, as lesões de cárie estiveram associadas com obesidade, e que houve associação entre o polimorfismo genético (rs478927) no gene que codifica a MMP13 com presença de lesões de cárie e DDEs / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between dental caries lesions and developmental enamel defects (DED) with body mass index and polymorphisms in gene encoding matrix metalloproteinases 8, 13 and 20 in a population of Amazonian children. The sample consisted of 221 children, aged between 9 and 12 years, of both genders, regularly enrolled in four public schools in the city of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. During the clinical examination, the researchers recorded DMFT and/or dmft indexes, DED data and anthropometric data (weight and height). Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire about children´s oral hygiene habits and diet. Saliva samples were collected as a source of genomic DNA and, using TaqMan real-time PCR, genotyping was performed of regions rs17099443 and rs3765620 in the gene encoding MMP8; rs478927 and rs2252070 in the gene encoding MMP13; and rs1784418 in the gene encoding MMP20. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using the Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA, Tukey, Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher and odds ratio tests, with a significance level of 5%. According to the results, it was found that, in children with low weight, the mean number of dental caries lesions was 1.00 (SD 1.00); in the eutrophic children the mean was 1.57 (SD 2.00); in the overweight children, the mean was 1.44 (SD 1.86) and in obese children the mean was 3.12 (SD 2.63). Obese children had more dental caries lesions than eutrophic and overweight children (p<0.05). In the genes encoding MMP8, MMP13 and MMP20, the polymorphic alleles were observed more frequently in individuals with caries experience, with a significant association only for rs478927 polymorphism in the gene encoding MMP13 (p=0.043). With respect to DED, the polymorphic alleles were observed more frequently in the genes encoding MMP8, MMP13 and MMP20, with a significant association only for the rs478927 polymorphism in the gene encoding MMP13 (p=0.005). There was a significant difference in the distribution of genotypes between the control and DED groups (p = 0.017) for the gene encoding MMP13. Based on the analyzed parameters and the obtained results, it was possible to conclude that in children from Manaus-AM, caries lesions are associated with obesity, and that there was an association between gene polymorphism (rs478927) in the gene encoding MMP13 with presence of caries lesions and DED