Removal of impurity elements in copper metallurgy is one of the major problems encountered today since pure copper ore reserves are becoming exhausted and the resources of unexploited ores often contain relatively high amounts of antimony, arsenic, mercury and bismuth, which need to be eliminated. The present work aims at pre-treating a tetrahedrite rich complex copper sulphide concentrate by selective dissolution of the impurities, therefore, upgrading it for pyrometallurgical processing. Characterisation of the complex concentrate was performed and the result shows that antimony and part of arsenic were present as tetrahedrite and bournonite. Dissolution kinetics of tetrahedrite in aqueous alkaline sodium sulphide solutions was investigated. It was found that the rate of dissolving tetrahedrite by the lixiviant increases with increase in reaction temperature, sodium sulphide concentration, sodium hydroxide concentration, and with decrease in mineral particle size. The kinetic study indicates that the rate of leaching tetrahedrite in the lixiviant under the selected conditions is chemically controlled through the particle surface reaction. The activation energies of the process were estimated as 81 kJ/mol and 75 kJ/mol, respectively, for antimony and arsenic dissolution from tetrahedrite. The estimated activation energies were within the range reported for a chemically controlled reaction process. Besides, the alkaline sulphide lixiviant proves selective and effective to dissolve these impurity elements from the concentrate with good recoveries. Further investigations on the factors influencing the leaching efficiency of the lixiviant were studied. Analysis of the leach residue indicates that copper content of the tetrahedrite has transformed into copper sulphides with the average chemical formula Cu1.64S. The grade and economic value of the concentrate were improved greatly after sulphide treatment, and therefore, suitable as a feedstock for smelting. The impurities in the concentrate were found to have reduced to a level satisfactory for smelting operation.Furthermore, modelling and optimisation of alkaline sulphide leaching of a complex copper concentrate containing 1.69% Sb and 0.14% Sn were conducted. Response surface methodology, in combination with central composite face-centred design (RSM-CCF), was used to optimise the operating parameters. The leaching temperature, sulphide ion concentration and solid concentration were chosen as the variables, and the response parameters were antimony and tin recoveries, and the time required to achieve 90% Sb dissolution. It was seen that the leaching process was strongly dependent on the reaction temperature as well as the sulphide ion concentration without any significant dependence on the solid concentration. Additionally, a mathematical model was constructed to characterise the leaching behaviour within the experimental range studied. The results from the model allow identification of the most favourable leaching conditions. The model was validated experimentally, and the results show that the model is reliable and accurate in predicting the leaching process.

In the present study, magnetite pellets with large amounts of the additives olivine, calcite and quartzite were isothermally reduced in a tubular furnace to study the interaction between iron oxides and the additives. A first attempt at using exaggerated amounts of additives was made in order to enable analyses of phases that do not otherwise occur in sufficient amounts for Xray diffraction and EDS-analyses. The reduction was thermodynamically set to yield either magnetite or wüstite at three different temperatures, 900, 1000 and 1150°C. For olivine, reduction tests were also performed at 500, 600, 700 and 800°C. The mineralogical phases that had formed were studied after oxidation as well as after reduction. The results showed that it was possible to identify, by X-ray diffraction, the main phases formed by the additives in all samples, after oxidation as well as reduction.The quartzite particles were shown to have remained quite intact after the oxidation treatment, except for small particles in the presence of impurities that formed melts. During reduction the quartzite particles reacted with iron so that fayalitic melts were formed already at 1000°C. After reduction at 1150°C all quartzite had transformed into a fayalitic melt so that most of the small pores had disappeared through sintering or had been filled by fayalite.In the sample with calcium oxide the additive particles had reacted during the oxidation treatment and formed calcium ferrites and calcium silicates. Upon reduction, the ferrites that formed during oxidation reduce, so that a porous calciowüstite becomes the primary phase already at 900°C. Calcium silicates that were formed during oxidation also remain in the sample as silicates during reduction.The results showed that the olivine after oxidation had reacted along the particle boundary and turned into magnesioferrite crystals and pyroxene/vitreous silica. Magnesium is liberated when the olivine particle breaks down, and finally ends up as islands of magnesioferrite surrounded by hematite in the original magnetite particles. In the pellet core the magnesium has diffused relatively long distances so that the magnesioferrite islands are not just found close to-, but also further away from the olivine particles. Upon reduction, the hematite converts to magnetite already at 500°C and in the tests carried out at 500-700°C, cracks were observed along the hematitemagnesioferrite boundary. At 800°C, temperature is enough to allow slow diffusion of magnesium from the magnesioferrite to the surrounding magnetite or wüstite, and at 900°C the cracks around the magnesioferrite phase disappear. The Mg stored in the wüstite then reacts with the silica slag in the sample when it approaches its melting point at 1000°C. The magnesium level in the wüstite then approaches a background level which was found to be about 2% after reduction for 2 hours at 1150°C.

Chromium is an important alloying element for stainless steels and other Cr-bearing steels. During the steelmaking process chromium is added to the steels mainly in the form of ferrochrome, which is largely produced by the energy-intensive smelting reduction process of chromite ore in the submerged arc furnace. To reduce the overall energy consumption during the ferrochrome production process and the chromium alloying process, direct chromiumalloying by chromite ore has been proposed. The application of this process will integrate the processes for ferrochrome production and chromium alloying, and thus has the potential to cut the production costs of the Cr-bearing steels by avoiding, or at least partially avoiding, the usage of ferrochrome. Further, this new alloying process has the capacity to improve therecovery of chromium from chromite ore. This thesis presents fundamental studies on the carbothermic reduction of synthetic iron chromite (FeCr2O4) and chromite ore, which aim at designing a direct alloying precursor to be applied in the industrial process. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) experiments have been carried out to investigate the carbothermic reduction processes of FeCr2O4 in the absence/presence of metallic iron, and of chromite ore in the absence/presence of mill scale. In the case of using the mixture ‘FeCr2O4 +iron powder + graphite’, it is found that the presence of metallic iron enhances the reduction of FeCr2O4, and this enhancing effect increases with increasing iron addition. The enhancing effect of iron addition on the reduction of FeCr2O4 is due to the fact that the reduction of component Cr2O3 in FeCr2O4 is enhanced, and this effect is attributed to the presence of solidiron which can decrease the activity of chromium by having chromium in situ dissolved in the iron. In the case of using the mixture ‘chromite ore + petcoke’, it is found that the reduction of iron ions in the chromite ore starts before that of chromium ions in the ore and the reduction of iron ions and chromium ions in the ore overlaps to some degree. (Cr,Fe)7C3 is found to bethe intermediate phase during the reduction and a chromium gradient is found in the spinel phase of the fractional reduced sample at 1673 K. A four-stage reduction process is proposed: one stage involving the reduction of iron ions in the chromite ore and three stages involving the reduction of chromium ions in the ore. The activity aspects of component FeCr2O4 and component MgCr2O4 in the chromite ore have been considered. The difficulty in the reductionof the chromite ore is attributed to the fact that, as the reduction proceeds, the activity of component MgCr2O4 in the fractional reduced ore will decrease to a very low level, which makes the further reduction very difficult. In the case of using the mixture ‘chromite ore + mill scale + petcoke’, it is found that mill scale is reduced to iron before 1573 K. The asreduced iron is disseminated around chromite ore particles and, at the same time, some carbonis dissolved in the iron via diffusion. Reduction of chromite ore is enhanced with the addition of mill scale at temperatures higher than 1623 K, and the enhancing effect increases with increasing mill scale addition. The enhancing effect, in this case, is attributed to the presence of molten Fe-Cr-C phase in the vicinity of chromite ore, which can decrease the activity of chromium by having chromium in situ dissolved into the melt. Induction furnace experiments have been carried out to investigate the effectiveness of some different alloying mixtures. The experimental results have confirmed the necessity ofadjusting the composition of the slag to ensure high chromium yield in the final product and the experimental results show that, by using iron scrap, chromium yield can reach 90%. The present findings have led to the proposal of using ‘chromite ore + mill scale + petcoke’ as alloying precursor for direct chromium alloying. The effectiveness of this alloying precursor needs to be further explored by induction furnace experiments, followed by full scale Electric Arc Furnace experiments.

Formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent stronger than oxygen, by sulphide minerals during grinding was investigated. It was found that pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S), and galena (PbS), which are the most abundant sulphide minerals on Earth, generated H2O2 in pulp liquid during wet grinding in the presence or devoid of dissolved oxygen in water and also when the freshly ground solids are placed in water immediately after dry grinding. Pyrite generated more H2O2 than other sulphide minerals and the order of H2O2 production by the minerals found to be pyrite > chalcopyrite > sphalerite > galena. The pH of water influenced the extent of hydrogen peroxide formation where higher amounts of H2O2 are produced at highly acidic pH. The amount of H2O2 formed also increased with increasing sulphide mineral loading and grinding time due to increased surface area and its interaction with water. The sulphide surfaces are highly catalytically active due to surface defect sites and unsaturation because of broken bonds and capable of breaking down the water molecule leading to hydroxyl free radicals. Type of grinding medium on formation of hydrogen peroxide by pyrite revealed that the mild steel produced more H2O2 than stainless steel grinding medium, where Fe2+ and/or Fe3+ ions played a key role in producing higher amounts of H2O2.Furthermore, the effect of mixed sulphide minerals, i.e., pyrite–chalcopyrite, pyrite–galena, chalcopyrite–galena and sphalerite–pyrite, sphalerite–chalcopyrite and sphalerite–galena on the formation of H2O2 showed increasing H2O2 formation with increasing pyrite fraction in chalcopyrite–pyrite composition. In pyrite–sphalerite, chalcopyrite–sphalerite or galena–sphalerite mixed compositions, the increase in pyrite or chalcopyrite proportion, the concentration of H2O2 increased but with increase in galena proportion, the concentration of H2O2 decreased. Increasing pyrite proportion in pyrite–galena mixture, the concentration of H2O2 increased and also in the mixture of chalcopyrite–galena, the concentration of H2O2 increased with increasing chalcopyrite fraction. The results of H2O2 formation in pulp liquid of sulphide minerals and mixed minerals at different experimental conditions have been explained by Eh–pH diagrams of these minerals and the existence of free metal ions that are equally responsible for H2O2 formation besides surfaces catalytic activity. The results also corroborate the amount of H2O2 production with the rest potential of the sulphide minerals; higher is the rest potential more is the formation of H2O2. Most likely H2O2 is answerable for the oxidation of sulphide minerals and dissolution of non-ferrous metal sulphides in the presence of ferrous sulphide besides the galvanic interactions. This study highlights the necessity of revisiting into the electrochemical and/or galvanic interactions between the grinding medium and sulphide minerals, and interaction mechanisms between pyrite and other sulphide minerals in terms of their flotation behaviour in the context of inevitable H2O2 existence in the pulp liquid.

Surahammars Bruks AB produces non-oriented electrical steel used in several types of motors and generators. Because of recent years exponentially growing market for electrical vehicles, non-oriented electrical steel used in electrical vehicle motors is becoming an increasingly important product. Magnetic properties of the steel are very important for the efficiency of the vehicle. After cold rolling, the steel coil is annealed, which is the final manufacturing step. After final annealing, the steel is cooled gently to avoid detrimental effects on the final product. Still, it is believed that residual stresses are created in the steel during cooling, which gives worse magnetic properties in the finished material. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the detrimental effects from the non-optimized cooling of the coil and their effect on power losses. The second part of the work will focus on optimizing the cooling. Production trials were performed to test different cooling strategies. Magnetic measurements were performed and evaluated. Single strips were measured in the rolling direction (RD) and compared with Epstein measurements. Results showed possible improvement in power losses by using gentler cooling. Results also showed increased losses and changed loss pattern as an effect of cutting the material into single strips. Cutting the material into strips changed losses differently for RD losses compared to losses in the transverse direction (TD). These results showed the importance of understanding and improving power losses in both RD and TD. / Surahammars Bruks AB tillverkar icke-orienterat elektriskt stål som används i flera olika typer av motorer och generatorer. På grund av den senaste tidens exponentiella tillväxt av marknaden för elfordon, blir icke-orienterat elektriskt stål som används i elfordonsmotorer en allt viktigare produkt. Stålets magnetiska egenskaper är mycket viktiga för fordonets effektivitet. Efter kallvalsning glödgas stålet, vilket är det sista tillverkningssteget. Efter slutglödgning kyls stålet försiktigt för att undvika skadliga effekter på slutprodukten. Ändå tror man att restspänningar skapas i stålet vid kylning, vilket ger sämre magnetiska egenskaper i det färdiga materialet. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka de skadliga effekterna från den icke-optimerade kylningen av bandet och dess inverkan på effektförluster. Den andra delen av arbetet kommer att fokusera på att optimera kylningen. Produktionsförsök utfördes för att testa olika kylningsstrategier. Magnetiska mätningar utfördes och utvärderades. Skurna remsor (single strips) mättes i valsriktningen och jämfördes med Epstein-mätningar. Resultaten visade möjlig förbättring av effektförluster genom att använda skonsammare kylning. Resultaten visade också ökade förluster och förändrat förlustmönster som en effekt av att materialet klipps i remsor. Att klippa materialet i remsor förändrade förlusterna annorlunda för de som klipptes i valsriktningen jämfört med de som klipptes tvärs valsriktningen. Dessa resultat visade på vikten av att förstå och förbättra effektförlusterna både i valsriktningen och tvärs valsriktningen.

Press fitting is a commonly used method in the assembly of shafts and gearwheels in gearboxes andare using the friction created between them to hold them together. To increase productivity Scania CVAB in Södertälje, Sweden, are going to replace the current hard machining method for layshafts. Whiletesting the new methods in rig it occurred that the gearwheel slipped in tangential direction towardsthe layshaft at a lower torque then with the current method even through all requirements on thelayshafts surface was meet. The purpose and aim with this study is to investigate differences betweenthe methods and to find new requirements for the layshaft. The torque of slip, (Ms) established in atorque test rig and analysis of surface roughness, hardness and microstructure conducted of both thelayshafts and gearwheels. The characteristics of the layshaft surface was also analysed and comparedbetween the different hard machining methods. The study concludes that no correlation between thesurface parameters and the Ms occurred and no major differences in the material between themethods. The study also concluded that the Ms between the layshaft and gearwheel is lower if thelayshaft surface is harder and smoother than the gearwheel surface.

Recycling of flotation effluents through the ore processing plant is one of the ways of reducing both plant-operating costs and industrial impact onto the local ecosystem. Such waters named acid mine drainage (AMD), if discharged from sulphide flotation are gypsum (CaSO4.H2O) saturated and have a high salinity (on the order of 1000 ppm). As minor species, they commonly contain reduced sulphur compounds (RSC) (sulfoxyanions with sulphur in the oxidation state below (VI) such as SO32-, S2O32-, S2O52-, and S4O62-), cations of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, frothing molecules, residual chemical reagents and products of their degradation. Tailing ponds also host communities of chemolithotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms which play an important role in dictating their aqueous and solid phase chemical speciation. Consequently, the key step towards developing scientific approaches of recycling of the tailing waters is elucidation of how, in what extent, and why the tailing water components, taken singly or jointly influence flotation of sulphides. In this work, the influence of main process water components of calcium and sulphate on chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and pyrite flotation has been investigated through Hallimond flotation, zeta-potential and diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy measurements using pure mineral samples as well as bench scale flotation tests using complex sulphide ore. The significance of process water species in flotation has been assessed using deionised water, process water and simulated water containing calcium and sulphate ions in experiments. In addition, the effect of temperature in bench scale flotation tests has also been examined. Hallimond flotation indicated depression of chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite and activation of pyrite in the presence of calcium and sulphate ions with potassium amyl xanthate as collector. Calcium ions have significant influence on zeta-potential characteristics and xanthate adsorption behaviour of chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and pyrite compared to sulphate ions. FTIR studies revealed the presence of surface oxidised sulfoxy species and surface iron and calcium carbonates on chalcopyrite in the presence of process water and water containing calcium ions, surface oxidised sulfoxy and carbonate species on galena in the presence of deionised water, process water and water containing calcium and sulphate ions, hydrated surface oxidised species and surface iron and calcium carbonates on pyrite in the presence of process water and water containing calcium ions all at pH 10.5 in which the surface species influenced xanthate adsorption. The presence of surface oxidised sulfoxy and carbonate species on sphalerite were also revealed at pH 11.5 in the presence of deionised water, process water and water containing calcium and sulphate ions in which surface species does not influence xanthate adsorption. Bench scale flotation using two different complex sulphide ores showed that chalcopyrite recovery is better in process water than tap water and general depression of chalcopyrite at temperatures lower than 22oC in either tap water or process water, activation of chalcopyrite at all temperatures in process water and depression of chalcopyrite when tap water containing calcium and sulphate ions was used at 22oC. It also showed that galena recovery is better in tap water than process water and depression of galena at temperatures lower than 22oC in either tap water or process water. It also showed that sphalerite recovery is better in process water than in tap water better recovery of sphalerite at temperatures lower than 22oC in either tap water or process water.

There exists a lack of information and an exact understanding of the gas atomisation process resulting in the use of trial and error methods in the industry. The lack of information is the result of the difficulties in observing the actual process as it occurs, something that the use of computational fluid dynamics may be able to substitute. This thesis investigates the possible use of computational fluid dynamics simulations applicability in understanding and improving the process. The focus is on how the characteristics of the gas flow change when the pressure is changed between 4.5 to 12 bar. The geometry of the gas atomiser used in this thesis was based on Gränges ABs’production unit. The results show that a large vortex was created on the left side of the wall for all pressures.The findings in this thesis can be compared with Gränges ABs gas atomiser or gas atomisers with similar geometry. If correlations are found between the simulation and spray runs then the improvements stated in this thesis can be applied in order to lower the presence of satellites, improving circularity in produced metal powders. / Det existerar en bristande information och exakt förståelse kring gasatomiseringsprocessen vilket resulterar i att industrin utvecklar processen genom försök och misstag. Anledningen till bristen av information är på grund av svårigheterna i att observera processen såsom den pågår, någonting som ’computational fluid dynamics’ kan hjälpa och åtgärda. Denna rapport utforskar möjligheten att använda computational fluid dynamics simuleringar för att få en bättre förståelse och därifrån föreslå förbättringar inom gasatomiseringen. Fokuset är på hur gasflödet ändras såsom man går mellan 4.5- och 12 bar. Geometrin av gas atomiseraren som används i simuleringarna var baserade på Gränges ABs’ produktionsenhet. Simuleringarna visar att en stor virvel skapas på den vänstra väggen i kammaren för alla testade gastryck. Resultaten i rapporten kan jämföras med Gränges AB:s gasatomiserare eller en gasatomiserare med liknande geometri. Om korrelationer hittas mellan simuleringen och körningen av gasatomiseraren så kan förbättringsförslagen som nämns i rapporten appliceras för att minimera närvaron av satelliter och förbättra cirkularitet i det producerade pulvret.

Humanity is facing one of the biggest challenges ever presented in fighting climate change. To counter global warming, industries and scientists across the world are shifting manufacturing towards fossil independence in order to decrease emissions. The steel industry in Sweden is responsible for 10% of the country’s CO2 emissions almost solely due to the use of coke as an iron ore reductant. By implementation of more scrap based steel production emissions have decreased. However, due to an increasing need for steel, ore based steel production cannot be excluded from future steel industries. Direct reduction of iron ore using hydrogen is an alternative process, to fossil based reduction, that is utilised in the Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology initiative (HYBRIT). When the porous iron ore pellet used in the hydrogen reduction process is transported and stored, water may be absorbed in the pores. From thermodynamic calculations it is evident that water evaporation is an endothermic reaction. How and if the water evaporation has an effect on the reduction of the pellets inside an shaft furnace is not widely studied and therefore, this bachelor's thesis examines the kinetics of water evaporation from a single pellet and presents temperature profiles from the pellet centre and surface. This study include the evaporation of water from a single pellet with different water contents. The goal is to contribute to the development and optimization of a full-scale hydrogen based reduction process. The pellet was prepared with a drilled hole for thermocouple fitment, submerged in water, weighed and placed in an oven until a target temperature was reached. Afterwards, the pellet was weighed once more to confirm evaporation of the entire water content. The results showed that the water content affects the heating rate of the pellet. Increasing heating times was seen with increased water contents. Full evaporation of the water was achieved after less than three and a half minutes and it was shown that all water had evaporated once the pellet reached a temperature above 100℃. After all water had evaporated, only the pellet was heated. Furthermore, the conditions for evaporation are more favourable in a full-scale shaft furnace than in the oven used during the experiments. This combined with the time for evaporation led to the conclusion that the water evaporation most likely has an insignificant effect on the large-scale reduction process. / Mänskligheten står inför en av de svåraste utmaningarna någonsin i kampen mot klimatförändringarna. För att motverka den globala uppvärmningen ställer industrier och forskare över hela världen om sin produktion mot fossiloberoende alternativ för att minska utsläppen. Stålindustrin i Sverige står för 10% av landets CO2-utsläpp, nästan enbart på grund av koksanvändning för att reducera järnmalm. Genom implementering av skrotbaserad stålproduktion har utsläppen minskat, men på grund av ökande efterfrågan på stål kan malmbaserad produktion inte uteslutas från framtida stålindustrier. Direkt reduktion av järnmalm med vätgas är en alternativ process till fossilbaserad reduktion, som används i initiativet Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology (HYBRIT). När den porösa järnmalmspellets som används för vätgasreduktion transporteras och lagras kan vatten absorberas i porerna. Genom termodynamiska beräkningar är det uppenbart att vattenavdunstning är en endoterm reaktion. Huruvida tids- och energiåtgången för avdunstning av vattnet har någon påverkan på den direkta reduktionen av pellets i en schaktugn är dock inte tidigare studerat. Denna rapport undersöker därför kinetiken för vattenavdunstning från en enskild pellet och presenterar temperaturprofiler från pelletens centrum och yta. Studien inkluderar avdunstning från en pellet med varierande vatteninnehåll. Ambitionen att bidra till utvecklingen och optimeringen av en fullskalig vätgasbaserad reduktionsprocess Pelleten preparerades med ett borrat hål för termoelement montering, nedsänktes i vatten, vägdes och placerades i en ugn tills en måltemperatur nåddes. Därefter vägdes pelleten ytterligare en gång för att bekräfta avdunstning av vatteninnehållet. Resultaten visade att vattenhalten påverkar tiden det tog för pellettemperaturen att öka, och att tiden ökade med vatteninnehållet. Vidare visades att allt vatten förångats då temperaturen överskridit 100°C och att fortsatt uppvärmning endast påverkade pellettemperaturen. Eftersom förutsättningarna för förångning är gynnsammare vid fullskalig reduktion än vad de var under experimenten, samt då tiden för att uppnå full avdunstning är mindre än tre och en halv minut, drogs slutsatsen att vattenavdunstning inte har någon signifikant effekt på reduktionsprocessen.

For metal powders, flow properties are important. If the powder does not move properly, it can result in problems with the final product in additive manufacturing. Some of the products created with this manufacturing method are complex and used for important purposes such as medical devices and aerospace. Because of this, it is important that the flow properties are good and consistent. The magnetic properties of metallic powder can affect the flow properties. How this relationship can appear is investigated in this study. The magnetic properties are measured in a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer, where it is easy to see a material's susceptibility, coercivity, demagnetization factor and saturation magnetization. The flow properties of the powder are measured in a rheometer which shows the total energy required to move the powder. An additional aspect considered is the size and sphericity of the powder, which is measured using a particle distribution test. The results show that the concentration of a magnetic powder does not seem to affect the magnetic properties, but the size of the powder does. The flow properties are found to be better for larger powders and magnetized powder seems to have a slightly improving effect on the flow. The particle distribution test showed that smaller powders are more spherical and have a more precise size distribution. In order to more clearly see a relationship between flow and magnetism, further studies would be needed. / För metallpulver är flödesegenskaper viktigt. Om pulvret inte rör sig ordentligt kan det resultera i problem vid den slutgiltiga produkten vid additiv tillverkning. Vissa av produkterna som skapas med denna tillverkningsmetod är komplexa och används till viktiga ändamål såsom vid medicinska verktyg och till flygindustrin. På grund av detta är det viktigt att flödesegenskaperna är bra och konsekventa. De magnetiska egenskaperna hos metalliskt pulver kan påverka flödesegenskaperna. Hur denna relation kan te sig undersöks i denna studie. De magnetiska egenskaperna mäts i en Vibrating Sample Magnetometer, där det är lätt att se ett materials susceptibilitet, koercivitet, demagnetiseringsfaktor och mättnadsmagnetisering. Pulvrets flödesegenskaper mäts i en rheometer som visar den totala energi som krävs för att flytta pulvret. En ytterligare aspekt som tas hänsyn till är storleken och sfäriciteten hos pulvret, vilket mäts med hjälp av ett partikelfördelningstest. Resultaten visar att koncentrationen av ett magnetiskt pulver inte verkar påverka de magnetiska egenskaperna men storleken på pulvret gör det. Flödesegenskaperna visar sig vara bättre för större pulver och magnetiserat pulver verkar ha en något förbättrande effekt på flödet. Partikelfördelningstestet visade att mindre pulver är mer sfäriskt och har en mer precis storleksdistribution. För att tydligare kunna se en relation mellan flöde och magnetism skulle ytterligare studier behövas.