This thesis details the application of a medium frequency (MF) Doppler radar to observations of meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere. MF radars make possible a greater height coverage of the meteor region (70 to 160 km) than conventional meteor radars. However this type of radar has generally been under-utilised for meteor observations, primarily due to the less than ideal radio environment associated with MF systems. This situation demanded selection of the most appropriate radar meteor techniques and in this respect a variety of techniques are evaluated for application at this frequency. The 2 MHz radar system used in this study is located at the Buckland Park research facility (35.6 deg. S, 138.5 deg. E), near Adelaide, South Australia and is operated by the Department of Physics of the University of Adelaide. This radar has the largest antenna of any MF radar with 89 crossed dipoles distributed over an area of about 1 km in diameter. Beam forming is achieved by varying the phase to groups of elements of the array. The array was constructed in the 1960's, and while having several upgrades, a preliminary examination of the array and associated systems indicated that a significant amount of maintenance work would be required to enable the system to be used for meteor observations. It was also apparent that the software used with the radar hardware for atmospheric studies was not suitable for processing meteor data. Thus a major refurbishment of the radar hardware, as well as the development of appropriate software, was initiated. The complete radar system was divided into its constituent components of antenna array, transmitter, receiver and computer systems. The transmitter and receiver systems were examined and various improvements made including increasing total output power and enhancing beam steering capability. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) techniques were extensively used on the antenna array, as many feed cables showed the presence of moisture. New hardware in the form of a portable power combining system was designed, constructed and tested to further increase radar experimental capabilities. Techniques were developed that verified system performance was to specification. Extensive night time observations of sporadic and shower meteor events were made over a two and a half year period. A particular study was made of the Orionids shower as well as other meteor activity on the night of 22 October 2000. Using the upgraded beam swinging features of the array, a narrow radar beam was used to track the shower radiant in an orthogonal sense so as to maximise the number of shower meteors detected. From each echo, various intrinsic meteoroid parameters were determined, including meteor reflection point angle-of-arrival using a five-element interferometer, echo duration and height; meteoroid speeds were determined using the Fresnel phase time technique. Meteor echoes belonging to the Orionids radiant were selected using a coordinate transform technique. The speed was then used as an additional discriminant to confirm the Orionid shower members. A second radiant, observed at a slightly higher declination is classified as also part of the Orionid stream. The sporadic meteor component in the data set was examined and found to exhibit speeds much higher than expected for sporadic meteors at the time of the observations. However, these results are consistent with a selection bias based on meteoroid speed, that is inherent in radar observations. The Orionid observations indicate that the refurbishment of the radar system and the introduction of new software for meteor analysis has been successfully achieved and that radar meteor studies can now be carried out routinely with the Buckland Park 2 MHz radar. Moreover it has been shown for the first time that meteoroid speeds can be determined with a MF radar operating on a PRF as low as 60 Hz. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Chemistry and Physics, 2003.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-06-15T14:03:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Luciana Rodrigues de Araújo.pdf: 65021055 bytes, checksum: ca14397fd5976fb51f30eb8b9769c237 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T18:12:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Luciana Rodrigues de Araújo.pdf: 65021055 bytes, checksum: ca14397fd5976fb51f30eb8b9769c237 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T18:12:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Luciana Rodrigues de Araújo.pdf: 65021055 bytes, checksum: ca14397fd5976fb51f30eb8b9769c237 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Wind data obtained between 1999 and 2016 from measuments by meteor radar at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45.0°W), Brazil, were used to investigate the behavior of the dynamics on upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere region, the interannual variability in the winds, in the diurnal tide and 2-day wave amplitudes and the possible causes. The results show that zonal wind is characterized by a semiannual variation below 90 km and annual above, while the meridional wind exhibits an annual cycle at all altitudes. Monthly winds did not show quasi-biennial variation (QBO), however the seasonal winds in the zonal direction observed during the summer and fall show QBO variations type in altitudes below 90 km. The results also suggest that the zonal and meridional winds are intensified during the years of solar maximum, especially in the summer and winter seasons. The monthly amplitudes of diurnal tide show an annual variation, in which the amplitudes are greater during the eastward phase of QBO at 30 hPa. The spectrum obtained from the deseasonalized amplitudes shows a 26 months peak in the meridional component, which may to be associated with stratospheric QBO phase. The modulation of the diurnal tide amplitude by QBO shows a quasi ten-year variation, and is stronger for the solar cycle maximum. The amplitude of the 2-day wave exhibit interannual variability, however, do not shows to be affected by the QBO phase during the summer season. The amplitudes of the 2-day show interannual variability, but, only in winter it is affected by the QBO phase. Good agreement between the variation of the amplitude of the 2-day wave for meridional wind and the solar radio flux was observed for most of the summers with a significant correlation, suggesting a possible wave modulation by the 11-year solar cycle. / Dados de ventos obtidos entre 1999 e 2016 a partir de medidas por radar meteórico em Cachoeira Paulista (22,7°S, 45,0°O), Brasil, foram utilizados para investigar o comportamento da dinâmica da região da alta mesosfera e baixa termosfera, a variabilidade interanual dos ventos, das amplitudes da maré diurna e da onda de 2 dias e as possíveis causas. Os resultados mostram que o vento zonal é caracterizado por uma variação semianual abaixo de 90 km e anual acima, enquanto o vento meridional exibe um ciclo anual em todas as alturas. Os ventos mensais não mostraram variação quase bienal (QBO), contudo os ventos sazonais na direção zonal observados durante o verão e o outono mostram variações tipo QBO nas alturas abaixo de 90 km. Os resultados sugerem ainda que os ventos zonal e meridional são intensificados durante os anos de máxima atividade solar, principalmente nas estações de verão e inverno. As amplitudes mensais da maré diurna exibem variação interanual, em que as amplitudes são maiores durante a fase para leste da QBO em 30 hPa. O espectro obtido a partir das amplitudes dessazonalizadas mostra um pico próximo de 26 meses na componente meridional, o qual pode estar associado à fase da QBO estratosférica. A modulação da amplitude da maré diurna pela QBO mostra uma variação quase decenal, e é mais forte durante o máximo do ciclo solar. As amplitudes da onda de 2 dias exibem variabilidade interanual para ambas as componentes, contudo, apenas no inverno mostra ser afetada pela fase da QBO. Boa concordância entre a variação da amplitude meridional da onda de 2 dias e o fluxo de rádio solar foi observada para a maioria dos verões com correlação significativa, sugerindo uma possível modulação da onda pelo ciclo solar de 11 anos.

A hydrocode and an explicit finite element code were used to evaluate functionally graded material impacts, meteor impacts, and split Hopkinson pressure bar specimens. Modeling impacts of functionally graded projectiles revealed that density was the primary material characteristic controlling the shock wave profile. A parametric study of material order for functionally graded armor showed that arranging the weaker material in front created the greater stopping power. By modeling an array of meteor impact scenarios, deformation and stress were shown to occur at great depths and possibly cause tectonic movement, like subduction. Three proposed Hopkinson specimens, which were designed to produce either shear or tensile reactions under compressive loading, were evaluated. For two of these specimens, improved stress and strain equations were presented.

The equatorial Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is known to be an important source of inter-annual variability at mid and high latitudes in both hemispheres. Coupling between QBO and the polar vortex has been extensively studied over the past few decades, however, less is known about QBO influences in the mid-latitude mesosphere. One reason for this is the relative lack of instrumentation available to study mesospheric dynamics at mid-latitudes. In this study, we have used the mid-latitude SuperDARN HF radar at Saskatoon (52.16 N, -106.53 E) to study inter-annual variation in mesospheric winds. The specific aim was to determine whether or not a Quasi Biennial signature could be identified in the Saskatoon mesosphere, and if so, to understand its relationship with the equatorial stratospheric QBO. To achieve this goal, a technique has been developed which extracts meteor echoes from SuperDARN near-range gates and then applies least-squares fitting across all radar beam directions to calculate hourly averages of the zonal and meridional components of the mesospheric neutral wind. Subsequent analysis of 13 years (2002-2014) of zonal wind data produced using this technique indicates that there is indeed a significant QBO signature present in Saskatoon mesospheric winds during late winter (Jan-Feb). This mesospheric QBO signature is in opposite phase with the equatorial stratospheric QBO, such that when QBO (at 50 hPa) is in its easterly (westerly) phase, the late winter winds in Saskatoon mesosphere become more (less) westerly. To further examine the source of the signature, we also analyzed winds in the Saskatoon stratosphere between 5 hPa and 70 hPa using the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis data set, and found that the late winter stratospheric winds become less (more) westerly when QBO is easterly (westerly). This QBO signature in the mid-latitude stratospheric winds is essentially the same as that observed for the polar vortex in previous studies but it is opposite in phase to the mid-latitude mesospheric QBO. We therefore conclude that filtering of gravity waves through QBO-modulated stratospheric winds plays a major role in generating the mesospheric QBO signature we have identified in the Saskatoon HF radar data. When the Saskatoon stratospheric winds are anomalously westward during easterly QBO, the gravity waves having westward momentum might be filtered out, depositing a net eastward momentum in the mesosphere as they propagate upwards. This would result in increased westerly mesospheric winds at Saskatoon. The opposite would happen when the equatorial QBO is westerly. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabricio Batista Borges.pdf: 1546340 bytes, checksum: 1d8be2583a092a34d256d749548325ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-04 / Meteor wind measurements obtained from São João do Cariri B and Cachoeira Paulista SP, Brazil, obtained during the period from August 2004 to July 2006 were used to examine Variations in atmospheric tides and winds in the mesopause region of the equatorial and low Latitudes in the southern hemisphere. The results for the mean wind were compared with the HWM 93 and HWM 07 models (Horizontal neutral wind model) and the results of Atmospheric tides with GSWM 02 model (Global Scale Wave Model). From the analysis of These data it was observed that the mean wind, as well as diurnal fluctuations, showed Temporal and in altitude variations for both the zonal and to the south for both the localities investigated. Mean zonal winds for the region of the S. J. do Cariri show a structure that is characterized by a semi annual oscillation, with a flow westward most of the time, in accordance with HWM 07 model. The mean zonal wind at C. Paulista is eastward in the most time and presents a semi annual variation in the 80 90 km altitude range and an annual variation in the altitudes above, in which some aspects are in accordance with HWM 93 and 07 models. The amplitudes of the mean meridional winds were weaker than zonal and present An annual variation for both sites, which are in accordance with HWM 93 model, however the HWM 07 do not reproduce the observed behavior. The meridional diurnal tide amplitudes Showed semi annual variation with maximum of the up to 65 m/s during February April and August September. The vertical wavelength estimated reached values between 21.2 and 27.5 Km at S. J. do Cariri, smaller than the GSWM 02, whereas to C. Paulista the vertical Wavelength were determined between 24 and 31.9 km, near of the GSWM 02 model, but More than the diurnal tide meridional wavelength for Cariri. / Medidas de vento meteóricos obtidos em São João do Cairi-PB e Cachoeira Paulista-SP Brasil, realizadas durante o período compreendido entre agosto de 2004 a julho de 2006, foram usadas para investigar as variações nas marés atmosféricas e nos ventos meteóricos na região da mesopausa equatorial e de baixas latitudes do hemisfério sul. Os resultados obtidos para os ventos médios foram comparados com os modelos HWM 93 e HWM 07 (Horizontal Neutral Wind Model) e os resultados das marés atmosféricas com GSWM 02 (Global Scale Wave Model). A partir da análise destes dados, foi possível observar que os ventos médios, Assim como as oscilações diurnas, apresentaram variação temporal e em função da altura, tanto para a componente zonal como para a meridional para ambas as localidades investigadas. Os ventos médios na direção zonal para região de S. J. do Cariri mostram uma estrutura que é Caracterizada por uma oscilação semi anual, apresentando um escoamento para oeste na maior Parte do tempo, semelhante com o modelo HWM 07. Já o vento médio zonal verificado na Região de C. Paulista é predominante para leste com variação semi anual entre 80 e 90 km e Anual nas altitudes acima, semelhante em alguns aspectos com os modelos HWM 93 e 07. O Escoamento médio na direção meridional apresenta amplitudes menores do que as do zonal e Oscilação anual para ambas as localidades, a qual é semelhante com o modelo HWM 93, Porém o modelo HWM 07 não reproduz o comportamento observado. As amplitudes da maré Diurna para a componente meridional mostraram variação semi anual com máximos de até 65 m/s em fevereiro abril e agosto setembro. Comprimentos de onda vertical para a componente meridional foram estimados entre 21,2 e 27,5 km para S. J. do Cariri, menores do que as observadas pelo modelo GSWM 02, enquanto que para C. Paulista os comprimentos de onda assumiram valores entre 24 e 31,9 km, próximos aos previstos, porém maiores do que os de Cariri.

This thesis presents results based on data collected with the 930 MHz EISCAT UHF radar system and three SKiYMet specular meteor radars. It describes in detail a method for meteoroid orbit calculation. The EISCAT UHF system comprises three identical 32 m parabolic antennae: one high-power transmitter/receiver and two remote receivers. Precise meteoroid deceleration and radar cross section are determined from 410 meteor head echoes simultaneously observed with all three receivers between 2002 and 2005, during four 24h runs at the summer/winter solstice and the vernal/autumnal equinox. The observations are used to calculate meteoroid orbits and estimate meteor visual magnitudes. None of the observed meteors appear to be of extrasolar or asteroidal origin; comets, particularly short period (<200 years) ones, may be the dominant source for the particles observed. About 40% of the radiants are associated with the north apex sporadic meteor source and 58% of the orbits are retrograde. The geocentric velocity distribution is bimodal with a prograde population centred around 38 km/s and a retrograde population peaking at 59 km/s. The absolute visual magnitudes of meteors are estimated to be in the range of +9 to +5 using a single-object numerical ablation model. They are thus observable using intensified CCD cameras with telephoto lenses. The thesis also investigates diurnal meteor rate differences and sporadic meteor radiant distributions at different latitudes using specular meteor trail radar measurements from 68°N, from 55°N and from 8°S. The largest difference in amplitude of the diurnal flux variation is at equatorial latitudes, the lowest variation is found at high latitudes. The largest seasonal variation of the diurnal flux is observed with the high-latitude meteor radar. The investigations show a variation in the sources with both latitude and time of day. The EISCAT UHF system and the high-latitude meteor radar are located close to the Arctic Circle. Such a geographical position means that zenith points towards the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) once every day all year round. This particular geometry allows the meteoroid influx from the north ecliptic hemisphere to be compared throughout the year as the ecliptic plane coincides with the local horizon. Considering only the hour when NEP is closest to zenith, the EISCAT UHF head echo rate is about a factor of three higher at summer solstice than during the other seasons, a finding which is consistent with the high-latitude meteor radar measurements. / Avhandlingens resultat är baserade på mätningar med den trestatiska EISCAT UHF-radarn och tre SKiYMet meteorradarsystem. En metod för meteoroidbanberäkning presenteras i detalj. EISCAT UHF-systemet består av tre identiska, 32 m stora parabolantenner: en högeffektssändare/mottagare och två fjärrstyrda mottagare. Under fyra 24-timmarsmätningar vid vår-/höstdagjämning och sommar-/vintersolstånd mellan 2002 och 2005 detekterades 410 meteoriska huvudekon simultant med alla tre mottagare. Dessa trestatiska meteorers atmosfärsinbromsning och radartvärsnitt har fastställts mycket noggrant och använts till att beräkna meteoroidernas banor samt uppskatta meteorernas luminositeter. Ingen av de observerade meteoroiderna verkar vara av interstellärt eller asteroidursprung. Deras troligaste ursprung är kometer, framför allt kortperiodskometer (<200 år). Ungefär 40% av meteorradianterna kan associeras till norra apex, ett källområde för sporadiska meteorer, och totalt är 58% av partiklarnas banor retrograda. Meteoroidernas geocentriska hastighetsfördelning har två lokala maxima: ett för den prograda populationen vid 38 km/s och ett för den retrograda vid 59 km/s. Genom att anpassa datat till en numerisk ablationsmodell som simulerar meteoroidernas färd genom atmosfären har de detekterade meteorernas absoluta visuella magnituder uppskattats till mellan +9 och +5. Detta innebär att de är observerbara med bildförstärkta, teleskopiska CCD-kameror. Avhandlingen diskuterar även hur sporadiska meteorers dygns- och säsongsinflöde beror på geografisk latitud och meteorradianternas distribution på himmelssfären. Detta utreds med hjälp av spårekon detekterade under perioden 1999-2004 med tre meteorradarsystem på latituderna 68°N, 55°N och 8°S. Dygnsinflödet varierar mest på låga latituder och minst på höga. Ju högre latitud, desto mer förändras däremot dygnsinflödet över året. Avhandlingen visar att de dominerande källområdena varierar med säsong, över dygnet och med latitud. Både EISCAT UHF-systemet och meteorradarn på 68°N är belägna nära polcirkeln. Detta innebär att norra ekliptiska polen (NEP) är i zenit en gång per dygn, året om. Vid just denna tidpunkt sammanfaller ekliptikan med den lokala horisonten, vilket möjliggör att det observerade meteorinflödet från norra ekliptiska hemisfären kan jämföras över året. Under timmen då NEP är närmast zenit har EISCAT UHF uppmätt ett ungefär tre gånger högre meteorinflöde vid sommarsolståndet än under de andra säsongerna, vilket överensstämmer med resultaten från meteorradarn på 68°N.

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Les évènements météoriques constituent une source d’importance fondamentale pour la sismologie planétaire, étant donné que leur localisation, et dans certains cas, leur temps d’origine peuvent être déterminés précisément par des orbiteurs. Cette importance augmente encore dans le cas d’une expérimentation à 1 seul sismomètre, comme dans le cas de SEIS (Seismic Experimentof Interior Structure) de la mission actuelle InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport). En effet, la localisation précise permet de réaliser une inversion directe des temps de propagation différentiels et des formes d’ondes pour la détermination de la structure interne. Les impacts de météorites génèrent des ondes de volume et de surface lors de leur arrivée à la surface d’une planète. Quand ils explosent dans l’atmosphère, ils produisent des ondes de chocs qui sont converties en ondes linéaires, sismiques pour la partie solide, et acoustiques pour la partie atmosphérique. Ce phénomène peut être modélisé par l’amplitude de l’excitation de modes sphéroïdaux, dû aux effets de couplage entre l’atmosphère et le sol. Ce manuscrit de thèse est consacré à l’investigation et la modélisation des ondes de Rayleigh générées par des météores. Un rappel général des avancées en sciences planétaires est d’abord fourni, avec un focus sur la sismologie planétaire et les études des sources sismiques atmosphériques. Ensuite, la théorie concernant les ondes de choc dans l’atmosphère et au sol est présentée plus en détails. Dans le cas de la formation d’une onde de choc dans l’atmosphère, l’effet de transition d’un régime de propagation non linéaire vers un régime linéaire est documenté pour le superbolide de Chelyabinsk. Pour la génération d’ondes dans la subsurface, un impact de météorite sur la lune est passé en revue, en utilisant des codes hydrodynamiques. Une analyse comparée de ces deux cas est réalisée de façon à présenter les processus de transition du régime de propagation. Une inversion de la source sismique du superbolide de Chelyabinsk est effectuée, de manière à examiner les propriétés de la source associée dans l’atmosphère terrestre. Nous avons développé une source multiple, composée d’une série de points source consécutifs, basé sur une trajectoire fournie. Les calculs des sismogrammes synthétiques des ondes de Rayleigh associées à l’événement sont réalisés par la sommation des modes propres du modèle de la partie solide et de la partie atmosphérique de la planète. A travers une technique d’inversion basée sur la décomposition des valeurs singulières et la méthode du moindre carré, nous fournissons des solutions pour la magnitude du moment. De plus, nous avons trouvé dans les données sismiques un effet Doppler, associée à la directivité de la source. En plus, nous avons réalisé des modélisations 3-D basées sur la méthode des éléments spectraux dans le cas d’un modèle solide uniquement, de façon à comprendre les effets des caractéristiques 3-D crustales, et surligner les différences avec une source inversée dans le sol par rapport à une source correctement positionnée dans l’atmosphère. Dans le cas de Mars, la sommation des modes propres est utilisée pour fournir les formes d’ondes associées aux impacts à la surface de la planète ou à basse altitude dans l’atmosphère martienne. Il est montré que la contribution du mode solide sphéroïdal fondamental domine les formes d’onde, par rapport aux deux premières harmoniques. La comparaison entre les amplitudes de sismogramme synthétiques de tailles différentes, montre que les petits impacteurs (diamètre de 0,5 mètre à 2 mètres) peuvent être détectés par les capteurs VBB de SEIS, seulement pour les hautes fréquences des ondes de Rayleigh, même pour des distances épicentrales très faibles. / Meteoric events constitute a source of paramount importance for Planetary Seismology, since their locations and, in some cases, their occurence times can be accurately known from orbiters, tracking or visual inspections. Their contribution is enhanced in the case of a seismic experi- ment with one seismometer, as the SEIS (Seismic Experiment of Interior Structure) of the im- minent Martian mission “InSight” (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport), as the known location allows a direct inversion of differential travel times and wave forms for structure identification. Meteor impacts generate body and surface waves when they reach the surface of a planet. When they explode into the atmosphere, they generate shock waves which are converted into linear, seismic waves in the solid part and acoustic waves in the atmosphere. This effect can be modeled as the amplitude of Rayleigh and other Spheroidal modes excitation, due to atmo- spheric/ground coupling effects. This PhD dissertation is focusing on the investigation and modeling of the meteor generated Rayleigh waves. A brief recall to the advance of planetary science with focus on planetary seismology and the study of atmospheric seismic sources is presented. Thereafter, the theory concerning the shock waves in the atmosphere and in the ground is presented in further detail. In the case of shock wave generation in the atmosphere, the effect of transition from a highly nonlinear propagation regime to the linear one is presented for Chelyabinsk superbolide. In the case of the generation in the subsurface, a meteor impact on the Moon is investigated, using hydrodynamic codes. A comparative analysis of both cases is performed in order to present the transition processes of the propagation regime. An inversion of the seismic source of Chelyabinsk superbolide is performed, in order to examine the properties of the associated source in Earth’s atmosphere. We develop a line source, made of a series of consecutive point sources, based on a provided trajectory. The calculation of synthetic seismograms of Rayleigh waves associated to the event is performed by the summation of normal modes of a model for the solid part and the atmosphere of the planet. Through an inversion technique based on singular value decomposition and least square method, solutions for the moment magnitude are provided. Moreover we found in the seismic data a Doppler effect, associated with the directivity of the source. In addition, we perform 3D modeling based on spectral element method in a purely solid model, to assess the effects of 3D crustal features and highlight differences with a source inverted in the ground versus on a source correctly positioned in the atmosphere. In the case of Mars, normal mode summation is used in order to provide waveforms asso- ciated to impacts on the planetary surface or in low altitudes in the martian atmosphere. It is shown that the contribution of the fundamental spheroidal solid mode is dominating the wave- forms, compared to the one of the first two overtones. The comparison between the amplitudes of synthetic seismograms of different size, show that small impactors (diameter of 0.5 to 2 meters) can be detected by the SEIS VBB seismometer of InSight mission, only in the higher frequencies of Rayleigh waves, even for short epicentral distances. An analysis based on im- pact rate estimations enables to calculate the number of detectable events of meteor impacts for projectiles with diameter greater than 1 meter and it leads to the conclusion of 6.7 to 13.4 detectable impacts during a Mars year, the nominal operational period of InSight mission. Finally, an analysis on the ground characteristics of a shallow low velocity zone under InSight landing site is presented. Through an investigation by classical test of geomechanics, it is shown that this zone is supposed to affect the quality of seismic signals.

dreimal im Jahr erscheinende Zeitschrift über aktuelle Themen der TU Chemnitz

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