Orientador: João Roberto Gomes de Faria / Banca: Renata Cardoso Magagnin / Banca: Claudia Cotrim Pezzuto / Resumo: Os microclimas urbanos são determinados pelo balanço de energia entre o ar atmosférico, o ambiente construído e planejamento urbano. No entanto, a identificação do microclima é trabalhosa, exige trabalho extensivo em campo. O objetivo da pesquisa foi elaborar um modelo para caracterização expedita de microclimas urbanos na escala de bairro. Este modelo será importante para reduzir o tempo de levantamento em estudos futuros. Ele usa o programa RayMan com dados de estações meteorológicas locais e imagens hemisféricas da área para prever diferenças de distribuições de temperatura fisiológica equivalente (PET) nas diversas áreas de uma cidade. O estudo foi realizado na cidade de Araçatuba (SP). O modelo feito foi desenvolvido a partir de dados da estação, medições nas áreas e de dados das imagens captadas pelo olho de peixe, e com os resultados adquiridos do PET constatou-se que as temperaturas do local é igual ao da estação meteorológica. / Abstract: Urban microclimates are determined by balance of energy between atmospheric air and the built environment, and may be a parameter for urban planning. However identification of the microclimates is laborious, requiring extensive work in field. The aim of the research was to elaborate a model for expeditious characterization of urban microclimates in the neighborhood scale. This model will be important to reduce the time of surveys in future studies. It uses the RayMan software with local meteorological station data and hemispheric images from the place, to distinguish differences of equivalent physiological temperature (PET) distributions in different areas of a city. The study was carried out in the urban area of Araçatuba (SP). The model was developed from data of the station, measurements in the areas and data of the images captured fisheye, and with the acquired results of the PET it was verified that the temperatures of the place is equal to the one of the meteorological station / Mestre

No description available.

Urbanization is known to cause significant changes to the properties of local climate. The Urban Heat Island (UHI) has been shown to add an additional burden to the impacts of global warming, impose risks on human health, and indirectly worsen air and water qualities. Studies have shown that urban areas, compared to rural areas with less artificial buildup, experience higher local temperatures as a result of UHI. Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated cities in the world with a high proportion of her population residing in urbanized areas. The hot and humid sub-tropical monsoon climate echoed with densely packed high-rise buildings and a high traffic volume can give rise to severe local thermal discomfort. To fully characterize the spatial and temporal aspects of UHI within Hong Kong’s urban areas, this study deployed 58 small, durable and low-cost logging sensors to measure road-side temperature/humidity measurements at 15-minute time intervals. The data collection was conducted over 17 consecutive days in the summer (September) and repeated in the winter (January) at two typical urban locations: Mong Kok and Causeway Bay. By employing the geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) software, the sampled data were mapped against urban structures and land uses to investigate the urban microclimate and the role of various environmental factors at the sampling locations. Official meteorological conditions for the duration of study were obtained from the Hong Kong Observatory to validate the sensors and to explore microclimate variations by comparing official (urban and rural monitoring stations) and sampled readings. Temporal variations of urban temperature were examined for daily, weekly and seasonal differences. Spatial and temporal variations were examined using spatial interpolation and hotspot analysis, as well as in a 3D representation with building models for better visualization. This empirical study establishes the methodological feasibility and reliability of employing small and inexpensive logging sensors for widespread deployment in places with hot and humid subtropical climates. The validation outcome indicated that road-side and control measurements were strongly correlated (r>0.81) and their average difference was well within the ±1 C measurement accuracy claimed by the manufacturer. Significant microclimate variations within the urban area were observed and characterized by five environmental settings: major road, secondary road, public activity area, green park and tunnel. Temporal variations of UHI were evident for all time scales, with the daily highest UHI at around midnight and daily lowest at around noon to early afternoon which also exhibited urban cool island (UCI) effects. A UHI Threat Rating was introduced for better understanding of microclimate variations and easier appreciation of hotspots. A 3D-GIS building model enhanced spatial-temporal analysis of UHI over a near “real” and 3D environment. The study and its methodology set a sound foundation and provide essential framework for future studies on microclimate variation and UHI effects. Given that modern cities have mixed land uses and are increasingly vertical, this micro-level study helps address local issues on human comfort and brings in the broader picture of environmental health in an urban setting. / published_or_final_version / Geography / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

This thesis sets out to test the hypothesis that the vegetational patterns in the forested region of south western Australia are primarily determined by the interaction of climate and landform. The region is an area of 4.25 million hectares subject to recent agreement between the Commonwealth of '4ustralia and the state of Western Australia regarding long-term protection and management of forest (Regional Forest Agreement). The climate of the South Western forest region is warm temperate and summer dry, matching Koeppen's category Cs, usually described as mediterranean. The dominant geological features of South Western Australia are crystalline and sedimentary plateaus and coastal plains. They are subject to a complex process of weathering, denudation and re-deposition, which is the key determinant of landforms and soil patterns. Deep but infertile soils are prevalent. The dominant vegetation formation of the region is open forest, which reduces to woodland in the drier north and east and increases to tall open forest in the moister south. Floristically the vegetation is very rich, comprising over 3000 vascular plant species. The richness resides in the forest and woodland understorey and in the shrublands, heathlands and sedgelands of edaphically extreme sites. By comparison, the forest overstorey is very simple, only one or two species being often dominant over extensive areas. The validation of the hypothesis that climate and landforms determine the vegetation patterns in South Western Australia is carried out in the following stages: 1) review of past studies of vegetation patterns in relation to the underlying environmental factors, relating them to one another in terms of floristics, 2) conversion of landform and climate maps for the region into vegetation maps by means of toposequences, that is gradients of topography, soils and vegetation within individual landform/climate combinations, 3) production of two sets of vegetation maps, namely six maps of vegetation complexes (1:250,000) and one map of vegetation systems (1:500,000), 4) testing the predictive capability of the resulting maps by comparing the occurrences of individual species of trees, shrubs and herbs predicted by map legends, with their records in FloraBase, the geographic information system of the Western Australian Herbarium, and 5) using the outcomes of the above studies to assess the validity of the hypothesis. Because the above hypothesis is so broad, it will be considered under seven headings: a) nature of the vegetation patterns (continuum or discrete categories), b) regional effect of climate and local effect of landform, c) effect of landforms on soil depth, texture and fertility, d) joint effect of slope, soil depth and texture on water balance, e) interactive effect of landform and climate on vegetation patterns, f) response of individual species to climate and landform, and g) effect of other factors of environment, such as fire, on vegetation patterns. The subsidiary hypotheses are defined in Chapter 5. It is concluded that the vegetation of the region forms a lumpy continuum from the wet south west to the dry north east. Within that broad continuum there are localised continua from waterlogged sites in depressions to drought-prone sites on steep stony slopes. However, the dominant vegetation of the region is open forest on plateau uplands with deep infertile soils. Although climate and landforms have a strong effect on vegetation patterns, they do not determine all vegetation patterns directly. Some tree species have ranges of occurrence that are too broad for that, and others have ranges that are too restricted. A more probable explanation is that climate and landforms, together with fire, set the stage on which the interplay of species takes place and determines the structure and composition of the vegetation. An attempt is made to predict the likely effect of climatic changes on vegetation patterns. The applicability of the methodology developed to the mapping of other regions, especially the adjacent ones, is examined. A review is made of how the products of the study, in particular the maps, are currently being used, and suggestions are made how they could be used in the future.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University (Canada), 1990. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 62-13, Section: A, page: 0000.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1996. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Doctoral)--Harvard University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Humboldt State University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 25-27). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-117). Also available on the World Wide Web.

O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a influência do microclima no condicionamento do ambiente de residências representativas da favela do Assentamento Futuro Melhor do Município de São Paulo. A investigação procura isolar e caracterizar os controles climáticos cuja variação espaço-temporal seja significativa a ponto de influenciar a ocorrência e distribuição de doenças respiratórias em população de baixa renda. O estudo foi desenvolvido com base no conceito de ritmo climático e na concepção bioclimática do ambiente construído, que foram aplicados empiricamente em trabalho de campo. Foram realizados monitoramento e avaliação do conforto térmico em ambiente interno de longa permanência de oito habitações com tecnologia e padrão construtivos diferentes, usando mini-regitradores digitais de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar com frequência de amostragem de 1 hora durante o verão de 2009 ao inverno de 2010. Procurou-se isolar a influência topoclimática (orientação e posição da vertente), instalando-os num mesmo quarteirão com declividades muito baixas. Foi classificada, hora a hora, a combinação de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar resultando no índice de sensação térmica humana segundo a proposta de Olgyay (1963). A comparação do ambiente interior das habitações com o exterior foi realizada a partir de dados obtidos junto às estações meteorológicas do INMET - Mirante de Santana (SP) e do IAG-USP, e das informações da circulação secundária sobre a área de estudo obtida das cartas sinóticas da Marinha do Brasil, e imagens do satélite GOES no canal infravermelho (CPTEC/INPE). Para associar o fator conforto térmico com sintomas respiratórios recorreu-se à aplicação de questionários, buscando investigar in loco se havia uma variação da prevalência de sintomas respiratórios em função de atributos das habitações. Foram realizadas entrevistas sistemáticas com cada um dos indivíduos moradores de 150 habitações tomadas como universo amostral. Os dados dos sintomas respiratórios foram associados e agrupados segundo os tipos construtivos de habitações, o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico, além de hábitos da família que interferem no conforto térmico e/ou na saúde respiratória. Essas associações buscaram um controle das variáveis que poderiam influir na incidência de sintomas e serviram para isolar exclusivamente a influência das variáveis construtivas da habitação. Por fim, buscou-se incorporar os dados climáticos registrados às informações qualitativas levantadas junto à população moradora. Os resultados apontam para a influência do padrão construtivo nos níveis de conforto térmico, consistindo em fatores diferenciadores dos atributos microclimáticos do ambiente interior. As habitações em fechamento de madeira e cobertura de telha ondulada de fibrocimento apresentaram um isolamento menor dentre às habitações pesquisadas, sendo que a habitação em alvenaria com laje ofereceu um maior isolamento e inércia térmica em relação ao ambiente externo. As habitações em alvenaria com telha de fibrocimento apresentaram diferenças nas condições de conforto térmico em função das pequenas melhorias construtivas empregadas em cada caso. Verificou-se que nas habitações da favela ocorrem extremos de temperaturas, e que nas habitações localizadas fora do ambiente de favela, tomadas como posto de controle o mesmo não ocorreu. Sobre os efeitos meteorológicos no condicionamento do ambiente das habitações estudadas, verificou-se que os maiores resfriamentos estão associados à MPA; os maiores aquecimentos sob a ação dos sistemas tropicais TC e MTA, e as FFs criam uma situação de homogeneização nas variações das temperaturas médias horárias ao longo do dia. A análise integrada da variação horária de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar permitiu verificar que existe um ritmo sazonal nas condições de conforto térmico humano. No tocante à sensação térmica, todas as habitações da favela mostraram-se, na maior parte do tempo, fora da faixa de conforto proposta por Olgyay (1963), variando entre situações de desconforto ao calor-úmido e ao frio-úmido. Verificou-se que as habitações da favela condicionam ambientes propícios à ocorrência de sensações opostas e extremas no mesmo dia, o que não ocorre nas habitações localizadas fora do ambiente de favela. Os resultados das entrevistas indicam que nas habitações mais precárias, em madeira e alvenaria sem reboco, há maior prevalência de sintomas respiratórios do que nas habitações mais estruturadas em alvenaria com reboco. Houve associação entre a frequência e distribuição dos sintomas respiratórios e as variáveis climáticas e o índice de conforto de forma diferenciada por tipo de padrão construtivo. Os resultados corroboram a hipótese de que as habitações precárias de favelas apresentam maior impacto negativo à saúde respiratória dos moradores. As habitações da favela do Assentamento Futuro Melhor produzem o oposto daquilo que se espera de qualquer abrigo humano, pois pioram a condição do ambiente e prejudicam a saúde de seus ocupantes. / This study aims at verifying the influence of microclime on the conditioning of representative home environments of the Assentamento Futuro Melhor (\"Housing for a Better Future\") favela in the city of Sao Paulo. It is an investigation to isolate and characterize climatic controls whose space-time variation can be of significance in springing up respiratory diseases and disseminating them over a low-income population. The study was developed upon the concept of climatic rhythm as well as the bioclimatic conception of the built-on environment, applied empirically in the field work. Monitoring and evaluation of thermic comfort were carried out for long-term indoor environments in eight domiciles, each with distinct technologies and building patterns, using digital mini recorders for temperature and relative air humidity with sampling frequency of 1 hour, during the Summer of 2009 through the Winter of 2010. An attempt was made to isolate the topoclimatic influence (hogback orientation and position) by installing them in the same block, one with very little slope. The combination of temperature and relative air humidity was evaluated on an hour-to-hour basis, resulting in the human thermic sensitivity index, according to the method proposed by Olgyay (1963). The comparison between the indoor and outdoor environments of the domiciles was performed from data gathered by the meteorological stations of INMET - Mirante de Santana (SP) and of IAG-USP, along with information on secondary circulation over the area of study gathered from synoptical charts of the Brazilian Navy, as well as imagery from the GOES satellite infrared channel (CPTEC/INPE). In associating the thermic comfort factor with respiratory symptoms, question forms were handed out in loco to investigate whether a variation in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms as a function of features pertaining to the domiciles existed. Each individual dwelling in the 150 domiciles within the sample group was systematically interviewed. Data for respiratory symptoms were associated and grouped in accordance with building type, social, economic and demographic profile as well as family habits that interfer in thermic comfort and/or respiratory health. Such associations looked to control variables that could sway the incidence of symptoms, and served to exclusively isolate the influence of the domiciles\' building variables. Finally, a correlation was sought between the recorded climatic data and the qualitative information queried from the dwelling population. Results show the influence of building schemes on the level of thermic comfort, consisting in differing factors for indoor microclimatic attributes. Homes with wood enclosure, roofed with undulated, cemented fiber tiles showed the lowest isolation among the researched homes, whereas homes with mortar walls and ceiling displayed greater isolation and thermic inertia to the outer environment. Mortar homes with cemented fiber tiling showed discrepancies in the levels of thermic comfort as the result of small building improvements applied in each case. Temperature extremes were attested over the domiciles in the favela, but in domiciles outside the favela - used as \"control posts\" - such extremes could not be verified. Regarding the meteorological effects on the environment conditioning of the researched domiciles, the greatest levels in cooling were verified to be linked to MPA; the greatest levels in heating, to the action of tropical systems TC and MTA; FFs caused homogeneity in the variation of hourly average temperatures in the course of a day. Integrated analysis of hourly temperature variation and relative air humidity allowed for the conclusion that there exists a seasonal rhythm in the condition of human thermic comfort. As for thermic sensitivity, all domiciles in the favela showed for the most part as being without the comfort zone proposed by Olgyay (1963), ranging from uncomfortable conditions to humid heat and to humid cold. It was verified that the domiciles in the favela configure environments capable of offering opposite, extreme sensations within the same day, which does not occur in domiciles outside the favela environment. Interview results point to the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in the more poorly built domiciles, with wood or bricks with no plasterwork, rather than in the plasteredbrick homes. A correlation was attested among frequency and distribution of respiratory symptoms, climatic variables, and the differentiated comfort index by building pattern. The results corroborate the hypothesis that poorly built homes in favelas more negatively affect the respiratory health of their dwellers. The homes in the Assentamento Futuro Melhor favela yield the opposite of what is expected of any human shelter: worsening of environment conditions and health deterioration for their occupants.