This thesis examines how the lifestyles of the middling sorts evolved during the period 1660 and 1760 as reflected in their relationship to material goods in three contrasting, but geographically near towns. The towns are similar to the degree that their history and circumstances led to them being viewed as backwaters, and this may have influenced consumption practices. Ludlow had lost its importance as the Capital of Wales; it stagnated until its fortunes began to be revived by achieving leisure town status. Hereford was a cathedral city and a county town, but was mainly poorly built and congested. It was locally, rather than nationally important. Tewkesbury was an inland port and a manufacturing centre, but it had been eclipsed by the larger and more successful cities of Bristol and Gloucester. This study of household goods in the middling interiors of Ludlow, Hereford and Tewkesbury between 1660 and 1760 set out first to investigate the extent to which the possessions of the middling ranks reflected their social status. The second aspect is to analyse the geographical spread of new goods in the three towns to determine the extent to which economic circumstances and location influenced consumption. Thirdly, the intention is to determine how status and politeness was expressed in the early modern home. Finally, this study aimed to ascertain what these factors could tell us about early modern consumers in the three towns. A sample of the domestic goods of the middling ranks from Ludlow, Hereford and Tewkesbury is examined and compared. The material culture of the three towns has previously attracted little academic interest. It is my intention that this thesis on the three towns complements and contributes to the existing bodies of work on early modern regional culture studies.

The eighteenth century saw the slow but steady rise of the middling classes to their nineteenth century social and cultural prominence, reinforced by a changing political landscape and the steadily increasing importance of the market. As the social and cultural power of the city burghers making up the majority of the middling classes grew, so did they start to consume in a manner to reflect to their new status in society. The question that arises then is more exactly how this group consumed, what types of objects that became important and what type of status that became the most paramount. Since status and social groups can differ greatly between both times and places, focus of this investigation is the burgher elite of Stockholm, the social, economical, and cultural centre of Sweden during the whole of the early modern era. By using a combination of Bourdieu's capital theories and Erving Goffman's theories on the presentation of self the inventories of fourteen elite burgher households has been analysed in order to investigate how these individuals constructed their home to present their own perceived social and cultural status. Through a thorough and theoretical investigation of these early modern front regions it can be revealed that the traditional representations of cultural capital, the main form of symbolic status capital, such as paintings and books, albeit important, constituted but a minor part of the capital presentation in the home. Instead it appears as if the most important status capital is presented through sociability, the ability to host social events or, if that option is unavailable, attend social events. Objects with the express function of sociability, such as tea- and dinner-ware, together with chairs, tables, and fashionable interior decoration suggests that sociability indeed stood at the forefront for the presentation of status for the late eighteenth century Stockholm burgher. At the same time, fashionability appears to have been extremely important, with almost all of the investigated households going to great lengths to stay up to date with the most recent trends in both furniture, colours, literature, and china. Much more research is however needed in order to really understand the structures of status and how it was expressed during the early modern times, and especially comparative studies between estate borders is needed in order to understand the status relations between social groups and how this affected status presentations.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Lewandowski.pdf: 762023 bytes, checksum: 7429ef66529d330e89eb20c8a3620f23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of the study was to evaluate the digestibility of oat, rice grits, and wheat middling nutrients by silver catfish (Rhamdia voulezi), with and without phytase supplementation. We used 288 fish distributed in 24 tanks of 500 L with tapered conical bottom. The experimental design was completely randomized represented by eight treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of two reference diets (reference with and without phytase) and six test diets (oats with and without phytase, rice grits with and without phytase and wheat middling with and without phytase), factorial design, obtaining four diets without enzyme supplementation and four diets with supplementation. In the supplemented diets we added 1500 FTU kg-1 of phytase. We performed chemical, physical and mineral (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and cupper) analysis of the ingredients, diets and feces, as well as chromium oxide measurement of the diets and feces. The digestibility coefficients observed were submitted to factorial variance analysis (P>0,05). When a significant effect was observed, the Tukey s test was performed for mean comparisons. Oat presented the lowest digestibility coefficients for dry matter and energy compared to the other feeds supplemented or not with phytase. Phytase supplementation increased the digestibility coefficient of dry matter for rice grits, and of energy both for this feed and for wheat middling. As for the use of minerals we verified that wheat middling presented the highest digestibility coefficients related to feed without phytase as much as for feed supplemented with the enzyme. The supplementation of phytase in quantity of 1500 FTU kg-1 in the diet improves the nutrients digestibility coefficients mainly for oat and rice grits. Taking into account the feeds with or without supplementation of 1500 FTU kg-1 in the diet, rice grits and wheat middling presented the highest values of its nutrients use and can be used more efficiently for silver catfish (R. voulezi) feeding. / O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade de nutrientes da aveia, quirera de arroz e do triguilho pelo jundiá (Rhamdia voulezi), com e sem suplementação de fitase. Foram utilizados 288 peixes distribuídos em 24 tanques de 500 L com fundo cônico afunilado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado, representado por oito tratamento e três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na elaboração de duas dietas referências (referência com e sem fitase), e seis dietas testes (aveia com e sem fitase, quirera de arroz com e sem fitase e triguilho com e sem fitase), em esquema fatorial, obtendo-se quatro dietas sem suplementação da enzima e quatro dietas com suplementação. Nas dietas suplementadas, foi utilizado 1500 FTU Kg-1 de fitase. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e de minerais (fósforo, cálcio, magnésio, ferro e cobre) dos ingredientes, dietas e fezes e realizou-se leitura de óxido de crômio das dietas e das fezes. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade observados foram submetidos à análise de variância fatorial (P>0,05). Ao constar efeito significativo foi realizado o teste de Tukey para comparação de médias. A aveia apresentou os menores coeficientes de digestibilidade para a matéria seca e energia em relação aos demais alimentos suplementados ou não com fitase. A suplementação de fitase aumentou o coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca para a quirera de arroz e da energia tanto para esse alimento como para o triguilho. A suplementação enzimática apresentou maior influência na disponibilidade dos minerais para a aveia, entretanto, o triguilho apresentou os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade dos mesmos, tanto em relação aos alimentos sem fitase como aos alimentos suplementados com a enzima. A quantidade de 1500 FTU Kg-1 na dieta melhora os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes principalmente para a aveia e quirera de arroz. Levando em consideração os alimentos suplementados ou não com 1500 FTU Kg-1 na dieta, a quirera de arroz e o triguilho apresentam valores maiores de aproveitamento de seus nutrientes podendo ser utilizados de forma mais eficiente na alimentação do jundiá (R. voulezi).