This paper investigates effects of family background characteristics on youth employment by migration status, with a focus on the influence of the highest education level in the family and equivalent family income, using the 2009-2010 microdata from the CCHS. The results indicate that a 10 percent increase in equivalent family income is associated with a 1.12 percent and a 0.39 percent increase in the probability of youth to be employed for immigrant female and native-born female, respectively. However, the family’s highest education level is not the determinant of youth employment. Moreover, employed youth are more likely to work part-time if they attend school, which reduce average 10 working hours per week. Provincial employment rate and other family characteristics such as family size, the language spoken at home, and ethnic background are also associated with youth employment. My findings highlight that, immigrant youth are suggested to be employed and educated more. / n/a

Thesis advisor: Maria E. Brisk / First and second generation immigrant youth constitute 20 percent of the children growing in the United States (Suarez Orozco et al., 2008), a population struggling to gain access to educational and professional institutions. This ethnographic study of the daily lives of recently-arrived immigrant youth in high school takes a transnational point of departure to look at how opportunity and restriction are structured in the lives of 12 male immigrant youth, revealing two fields which have a high incidence in the investment and attainment of status in the field of education: the migration process and work. Through the description of their daily practices, the study reveals how this population navigates access to social, cultural and economic capital (Bourdieu, 1986). A major factor in the educational success of immigrant youth is not present in educational research: the role of documentation status. By describing the cultural practices of young migrants and their families prior to, during and after the migration process, the study shows how the migration experience produces capital by placing youth in a variety of migration statuses. Their status in the migration process, in turn, structures opportunities to professional and educational experiences in order to affect their social mobility. This also work highlights the dynamic interaction between the fields of migration processes, work and education for immigrant youth, where status in each field transfers to each other and multiplies. While many of the scholarship on Bourdieu focuses on a particular field and argues the `relative autonomy of each field', this works shows that in order to describe the structural barriers to mobility for immigrant youth, we need to take into account the integrated nature of these fields. This study has major implications for schools, communities and teacher training programs that serve the growing population of immigrant students as well as how immigration is discussed both in the context of education and in the public sphere. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction.

Student Number : 0516841M - MSc research report - School of Public Health - Faculty of Health Sciences / Objective This work investigates the hypothesis that individuals recently migrating into rural areas have a higher mortality than those always resident and that migrant deaths are more likely to be HIV/AIDS related than non migrant deaths. Methods Data from the Africa Centre Demographic Surveillance System (ACDIS), South Africa, was used for the analysis. A total of 41519 adults aged 18 to 60 years since their last visit dates were categorized into three groups; internal migrants, external in migrants and always resident individuals since 2001. Follow up period was from 1st January 2001 to 31st December 2005. Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to quantify the additional risk of dying for migrants who have recently migrated into the DSS area. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between migration status and dying from AIDS related complications for the members in the sample whose cause of death have been identified using verbal autopsy procedures. Results External in migrants into the DSS area were 1.52 times more likely to die than those always resident. After adjusting for the effects of sex, age group, socio-economic status and educational level an external in migrant has a relative risk of 1.19, [adjusted HR=1.19, P=0.001, 95% CI (1.08,1.32)] of dying compared to those always resident. Internal migrants were 18% less likely to die compared to always resident individuals, [adjusted HR=0.82, P=0.008, 95% CI (0.71, 0.95)] and males were 1.38 times more likely to die within the follow up period compared to females, [HR=1.38, P<0.001, 95% CI (1.28, 1.49)]. These results were statistically significant at 95% confidence level. Out of a total of 1119 deaths that occurred in 2001 and 2002 whose cause of death have been identified through verbal autopsy procedures, 763 (66%) died of AIDS. The odds of dying from AIDS are 2.09 if you are an external in migrant compared to an always resident member, [unadjusted OR = 2.09, P = 0.009 95% CI (1.38, 3.16)]. After controlling for other factors in the model, the odds of dying from AIDS as an external immigrant was 1.79 times, [adjusted OR = 1.79, P = 0.009, 95% CI (1.15, 2.77)] compared to those always resident. There was no significant difference in AIDS mortality between always resident individuals and internal migrants. The odds of a female dying of AIDS was 2.33 times, [OR = 2.33, P<0.001, 95% CI (1.78, 3.06)] compared to males after controlling for migration status, age, socioeconomic status and educational level. Conclusion External in migrants have an increased risk of death among adults aged 18 to 60 years compared to those always resident. External in migrants are also more at risk of dying from AIDS related illnesses than those always resident. Internal migrants are less likely to die than those always resident. Females are more at risk of dying from AIDS than males. In resource-poor settings, especially in many parts of Africa and other developing countries with very high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and over burdened health services in rural areas, it is important to identify and quantify some of these trends contributing to high disease burdens and mortality in rural areas in order to put in place effective interventions to better the health conditions of the people in these areas.