<p> This dissertation is an examination of how epistemologies that I participate in that are mapped/mappable, in terms of authenticity, through three coordinates: the biological/political, the cultural and place. These coordinates are then processed through the interlocutor (in the case of this dissertation, the reader) who filters the data through the lenses of their positionality. This work necessarily recognizes that the interlocutors frames of reference are, like mine, shaped by their positionality. </p><p> The three prime ethos/culture based epistemologies that are examined are the NDN (more commonly referenced as Native American), the United States Marine and the Academic. The analysis performed is done through my personal experiences, as processed through a number of theoretical frames. While this limits the scope of the work to my interactions through and within the epistemology, it also recognizes that these epistemologies are keys to formulating identities that are living, moving, contradictory shifting concepts. </p><p> I conclude that the various Ideological State Appartatuses (Althusser) and Panoptic policing or disciplining discourses/structures (Foucault) that shape and authenticate these three discourses of authenticity are both internally contradictory and mutually contradictory in ways that illuminate several hegemonic processes at play in the contemporary US and NDN country. While recognizing the inherent limits of an autoethnographic methodology, I believe I have elaborated an approach that can be widely used in examining not only these three but other identity-based communities.</p>

<p> The unique characteristics of the Global War on Terror have increased the number of troops returning with combat-related disabilities (CRD). Veterans with these CRD experience a variety of negative impacts on their functioning. Not only are the veterans' lives being negatively impacted by CRD, the families of veterans with CRD are also being affected. Therapeutic recreation (TR) programs are currently being used to reduce the negative impacts of CRD for veterans and their families. This study examined the influences of TR programs for veterans with CRD and their significant others (SOs) based on the ICF components of participation, body structure, function, and environmental factors. This study also examined the perceptions of veterans and their SOs about the benefits and important components of TR programs. The influences of the TR programs were examined by using a pretest, posttest, and one month follow-up to determine the impacts to the veterans' and SOs' PTSD symptoms, depression symptoms, family functioning and family recreation involvement along with the veterans' community reintegration. In addition, eight interviews were conducted with participants of the TR programs to determine the benefits and important components. There was a significant decrease in the veterans PTSD symptoms, the SOs depression symptoms, and trending towards an increase in family recreation involvement. The benefits of participation were identified as social reconnection, distraction, positive emotions, increased competence, and learning new skills; whereas, the important components were staff and a safe environment.</p>

<p> This dissertation analyzes war discourse in sixteenth-century military handbooks and history plays with a focus on formal performances of martial rhetoric and the informal language used to rally audiences and justify war. Chapter One uses Rhetorical Genre Studies to classify the pre-battle oration as a social genre with common structures and themes, familiar not only to exhorting commanders and their soldiers but also to the general Renaissance populace. Establishing the pre-battle speech as a highly-conventionalized, even ritualized form of oratory, Chapter Two argues that performances of the genre are social actions in which audience familiarity elevates the speech act. This heightened valuation raises anticipation for the rhetorical moment and helps transform events like Elizabeth's Tilbury Speech and Henry V's Agincourt address into transcendent hero narratives. Chapter Three dissects formal justifications of war in William Shakespeare's <i>Henry V</i> and George Peele's <i> The Battle of Alcazar</i>. The chapter demonstrates a playwright's ability either to persuade an audience of legitimate cause, even in the face of possible war crimes, by systematically leading viewers through the rules of Just Cause Theory or to complicate legitimacy assumptions by disrupting the expected framework and destabilizing the systematic narrative. </p><p> The final two chapters examine informal motives in the trope of martial masculinity and in figurative language descriptions of war. Conducting a character analysis of official and surrogate martial commanders in Shakespeare's <i> 1, 2, and 3 Henry VI,</i> Chapter Four evaluates recurrent themes of effeminacy in the manuals. It connects anxieties about masculinity to questions of patriarchal power and uncertainties about sociocultural transitions occuring within an English society that at once idealized peace and vilified it as emasculating. Using Cognitive Metaphor Theory, Chapter Five uncovers similar anxieties embedded in the figurative expressions used to describe war in which warfare is conceptualized as natural and unpredictable, but England's men lack the knowledge and training to keep the country ordered and war-ready. This study advocates for an increased literary-historical awareness of war discourse and gives explicit evidence for connecting the treatises to early modern literature, an assumption that remains as-yet unproven by prevailing scholarship.</p>

<p> The Royal Canadian Navy employs Logistics Officers at sea, who possess a financial management specialty; financial resources are accounted and managed by Naval Logistics Officers in Her Majesty&rsquo;s Canadian Ships. The annual, deployed, financial expenditures, managed by Naval Logistics Officers, have consistently deviated from planned mission allocations for maritime units deployed on international operations. The problem is that even though there are programs in place to train Naval Logistics Officer on the use of financial resources, it appears that there is a lack of accurate operational fund management. The purpose of this quantitative, non-experimental, ex post facto research study was to compare the differences between financial expenditure deviations within Her Majesty&rsquo;s Canadian Ships (HMCS), based on Royal Canadian Navy Logistics Officer Qualification Board results attained between 2000 and 2010, categorized by the nature of Canada&rsquo;s military operations in Afghanistan (OPERATIONS APOLLO, ALTAIR, or SAIPH) between 2000 and 2010. Findings presented in this study demonstrate that there is statistically no difference in mean RCNLOQB score and financial deviation. However, based on observed differences, RCNLOQB results were found to have a statistically significant effect on financial expenditure deviation within Her Majesty&rsquo;s Canadian Ships that deployed in US-led military operations with multiple nations compared to HMC ships that deployed in operations with only the US or in multinational campaigns. The effects of qualitative subjective factors were not included in this study and require further research to determine their degree of influence on financial management performance outcomes.</p>

<p> The war on terror after the tragic events of September 11, 2001, continues to include ongoing efforts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other countries in which the military serve and protect. Active-duty members of the Army, Marines, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard continue to serve in these hazardous zones to minimize war crimes where families are left behind. With the necessity of military deployments, issues of psychological, emotional, and behavioral tribulations surrounding the children of deployed active-duty members are observed. The purpose of the qualitative study was to explore schoolteacher&rsquo;s perceptions about effective actions taken to enhance the performance of children and the classroom environment, while the children were coping with their active-duty parent&rsquo;s deployment. The sample included elementary schoolteachers and administrators that taught in the Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) in Belgium who have had parents of their students deployed to Iraq, Afghanistan, and other hazardous zone areas. The research question asked: When observed behaviors are identified in relation to parental deployment, how do effective actions taken mitigate behavioral problems and enhance the classroom learning environment? The qualitative explorative case study aided in identifying and understanding schoolteachers&rsquo; perceptions about effective actions taken to enhance the performance of children and the classroom environment while children were coping with their active-duty parent&rsquo;s deployment. This critical situation for children showed stressful and coping challenges and an imposed hardship on the children&rsquo;s customary way of living and participation in the school environment.</p>

<p>In the realm of air warfare, no topic has generated more controversy or discussion in recent years than the implications of the increased use and proliferation of remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs). This dissertation seeks to build on existing models of technology, diffusion, and doctrine to examine the present and future role of RPAs in warfare. To do so, I place RPAs in the context of a broader Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), evaluating their effectiveness relative to other capabilities, modeling their likely diffusion and evolution, and examining the legal implications for conflict. I conclude many of the challenges posed by RPAs will be different than the current debate suggests, with issues like automation the laws of targeted killing being secondary to understanding the distinctions between tactical and strategic RPAs and the potential for escalation of conflict based on limited understanding of the true capabilities of the RPA. Strategic RPAs are revolutionary in their impact to small wars, but are unlikely to diffuse widely given the limited strategic requirements for this type of warfare and the high financial and organizational costs of building such systems. Tactical RPAs will spread globally and rapidly, but will be limited in their military application and are more likely to be problematic for their misuse than for the new capabilities they provide. This perspective will provide policymakers a framework for better understanding both the strengths and limitations of RPA warfare, and outline basic planning considerations for future wars based on the spread of this technology as well as institutional obstacles to diffusion posed to states, including the U.S. </p>

<p> The purpose of this project was to design a 2-year program aimed at addressing the mental health needs of veterans transitioning from deployments in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom to civilian life. The program will address prodromal symptoms of psychosis. With the prevalence of psychotic features in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, the veteran population is particularly at risk. The program will offer individual and group therapies to assist in symptom management and will utilize case management supportive services to assist in addressing additional needs that the participants may have that hinder help seeking activities, such as housing and substance abuse referrals. The National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health was selected as the funding source for this grant. The actual submission and/or funding of this grant were not a requirement for the successful completion of this project.</p>

<p>When a crisis captures the attention of a nation and the world community, the questions are always Why did it happen and How did it happen. Such an event was revealed on April 28, 2004 with a report on CBS's 60 Minute II and in an article by Seymour Hersh posted online in the New Yorker magazine April 30, 2004. The event was the detainee abuse by U.S. Army soldiers at Abu Ghraib Prison in Iraq. The abuse occurred between late 2003 and early 2004, and the story shook the U.S. government and the coalition partners who helped the United States bring down the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq. This case study examined how the detainee abuse occurred and why the detainee abuse occurred by applying the theory of practical drift to the events in Iraq. However, the study revealed that while the abuse was conducted in Iraq the forces and causes were not confined to Iraq. The forces that contributed to the breakdown in soldier discipline in Iraq were the result of leadership and doctrinal decisions made decades earlier and governmental decisions made to fight the War on Terror. The study also identified stages of practical drift that illustrate how practical drift occurs in organizations. The case study avoided dealing with the actual events of the detainee abuse but concentrated on the elements that contributed to setting the conditions for the abuse. Practical drift in the war fighting doctrine development of the U.S. Army and the policies adopted by the U.S. administration to fight the War on Terror were causes of the detainee abuse identified in the case study. Individual behavioral traits of dismissive responsibility and deflected responsibility also contributed to practical drift and ultimately the detainee abuse.

<p> The terrorist-controlled surface-to-air fire (SAFIRE) threat places U.S. air-carrier pilots and passengers at significant risk. The problem addressed in this study is that air-carriers do not provide pilots with risk-reduction training designed to prepare them to deny, detect, defeat, and report SAFIRE attacks, and there is limited scholarly research to address this topic. The purpose of this quantitative, comparative study was to analyze U.S. air-carrier pilot SAFIRE risk-reduction training as related to the principles of adult learning theory that state adult learners will be more successful when they perceive training as valuable and applicable to their daily tasks and responsibilities. The analysis included descriptive statistics to determine the majority (70.5%) of 112 U.S. air-carrier pilots contained in the self-selected purposive sample perceived SAFIRE risk-reduction training as valuable. The analysis conducted using comparative statistics indicated there was not a statistically significant difference in the perception of the value of SAFIRE risk-reduction training between the four sample groups. The findings indicated the majority (85.7%) of air-carrier pilots believed an effective SAFIRE risk-reduction training program must consist of a combination of computer-based training, classroom training, and simulator training methods. Recommendations for future research are to determine if the results of this study apply to non-U.S. air-carrier pilots, identify parameters for specific countertactics, and generate specific objectives for potential training programs.</p>

<p> Problem and Purpose </p><p> Innovative solutions in national defense are needed to respond to national security threats in our uncertain environment. Leader attitudes and behaviors have a substantial impact on innovation. Unfortunately we did not completely understand the effect of leader attitudes and behaviors on innovation and the team dynamics that lead to innovation, especially in the military. The purpose of this study was to determine how leadership attitudes and behaviors contribute to product innovation within the U.S. Navy and how leadership emerges within this complex adaptive system of innovation. </p><p> Method </p><p> The research was a qualitative design based on a multiple or comparative case study. A theoretical/conceptual framework of complexity leadership theory was used as a meso model to understand adaptive innovative processes at work in the context of bureaucratic forms of organizing. </p><p> Three teams based on three product innovations were selected because they demonstrated breakthrough innovation with disruptive technology and successfully fielded their capabilities within cost and schedule thresholds. </p><p> Data from three project teams were collected using interviews, focus groups, and program documentation. Eighteen individuals participated in interviews and focus groups. The attitudes and behaviors of nine formal leaders and several emerging leaders were analyzed and evaluated. The results were summarized in six different themes that were apparent across all three projects and multiple leaders. </p><p> Results </p><p> These six themes were a combination of leader attitudes and behaviors that contributed to the success of the three projects. These attitudes and behaviors were observed at all levels of the organization from the program manager, to the IPT leaders, to the engineers getting the job done. The first theme was urgency driven by a heartfelt need. The second theme was that these leaders would listen and were open to ideas. The third theme was to know the process and challenge the process while managing risk and ensuring it is good enough. The fourth theme was vision, passion, assertive, persistence, and moderating setbacks. The fifth theme was trusted leader with credibility, integrity, and was professional. The last theme was collaboration, teamwork, and recognition. Communication was apparent throughout all the themes and links them together. </p><p> Conclusions </p><p> The attitudes and behaviors of the leaders in this study contributed to the innovation by keeping the polarity within these themes in creative tension. The leaders established a strong sense of urgency based on a heartfelt need while also creating an atmosphere and practice of making sure everyone had a voice and their voice counted. The leaders were professional with credibility and integrity. They knew the process, but also challenged the process, managed risk, and encouraged a solution that was good enough. The leaders were passionate about the vision and were assertive and persistent in removing obstacles. But they also encouraged collaboration and teamwork. They moderated setbacks and prevented the team from getting discouraged and took opportunities to recognize the team both informally and formally. These leader attitudes and behaviors contributed toward leaders emerging in the organization. </p><p> A wheel of innovation is proposed that demonstrates the themes in a synergistic and balanced approach. While this improved our understanding of how leader attitudes and behaviors drive innovation, there are still significant areas for further study. Further case studies are needed to determine if this wheel of innovation is applicable outside of the U.S. Navy. Quantitative studies based on these findings are needed to expand the understanding and generalizability of the model.</p>