Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-99).

<p>Promene komponenata i strukture mleka ispitane su tokom fermentacije kori&scaron;ćenjem inokuluma kombuhe kultivisane na crnom čaju zaslađenom saharozom<br />u koncentraciji 10%. Fermentacija mleka sa 2,2% mlečne masti izvr&scaron;ena je na dve različite temperature (37&deg;C i 42&deg;C) i uzorci su analizirani na sledećim pH vrednostima: 6,1; 5,8; 5,4; 5,1; 4,8 i 4,6. Urađena je determinacija i identifikacija produkata fermentacije laktoze kao &scaron;to su: &scaron;ećeri, organske kiseline i masne kiseline. Ispitane su teksturalne i reolo&scaron;ke karakteristike i mikrostruktura uzoraka. Pored toga, utvrđene su sličnosti i razlike uticaja inokuluma kombuhe na proces fermentacije mleka u poređenju sa delovanjem jogurtne, odnosno probiotske starter kulture.<br />Tokom fermentacije mleka u različitim fazama procesa pri odabranim pH vrednostima na 42&deg;C transformi&scaron;e se 14,6% laktoze odnosno 18,2% na 37&deg;C. Sadržaj galaktoze i glukoze koje nastaju fermentacijom i hidrolizom laktoze raste između prve i druge tačke fermentacije (pH=6,07 i pH=5,8). Dominantne organske kiseline tokom fermentacije su L&ndash;mlečna kiselina i sirćetna kiselina. Nije utvrđena značajna razlika u sadržaju masnih kiselina tokom fermentacije mleka kombuhom na 37&deg;C i 42&deg;C. Sadržaj palmitinske kiseline u mleku i uzorcima tokom fermentacije je najveći, zatim slede miristinska, stearinska i oleinska kiselina.<br />Praćenjem procesa fermentacije mleka uz primenu kombuhe na 37&deg;C i 42&deg;C od početne pH vrednosti 6,07 do zavr&scaron;ne 4,6, najznačajnije promene teksturalnih karakteristika (čvrstoće, konzistencije, kohezivnosti i indeksa viskoziteta) i reolo&scaron;kih svojstava zabeležene su između pH=5,4 i 5,1, &scaron;to je u korelaciji sa mikrostrukturom.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Promene viskoziteta u svim uzorcima pokazuju istu regresionu liniju, sa različitim koeficijentima i visokom vredno&scaron;ću r2, osim uzorka proizvedenog primenom jogurtne kulture na pH 5,4. Uzorak dobijen kori&scaron;ćenjem inokuluma kombuhe imao je najveće vrednosti kompleksnog modula, &scaron;to je rezultiralo boljim reolo&scaron;kim karakteristikama gotovog proizvoda.<br />Da bi se definisao empirijski model procesa fermentacije laktoze u mleku delovanjem kombuhe formulisana su prethodno dva matematička modela za kinetiku fermentacije saharoze u tradicionalnom kombuha napitku (na crnom čaju) &ndash; jedan koji opisuje promenu koncentracije saharoze tokom fermentacije, i drugi koji opisuje brzinu fermentacije. Promena koncentracije laktoze na ispitivanim temperaturama 37&deg;C i 42&deg;C sastoji se od dve lag faze između kojih je faza izraženog pada koncentracije. Krive zasićenja pokazuju sigmoidalnu kinetiku na nižim koncentracijama laktoze, ukazujući na kompleksni ne&ndash;Michaelis&ndash;Mentenov tip kinetike.<br />Generalno može se istaći da su primenom inokuluma kombuhe tokom fermentacije mleka u različitim fazama procesa ustanovljene specifične promene komponenata i strukture u poređenju sa efektima delovanja jogurtne odnosno probiotske starter kulture.</p><p>&nbsp;</p> / <p>Changes of milk components and structure were examined during fermentation by kombucha inoculum cultivated on black tea switened with saccharose in a concentration of 10%. The fermentation of milk with 2.2% of milk fat was carried out at two different temperatures (37&deg;C i 42&deg;C) and samples were analyzed at the following pH values: 6.1; 5.8; 5,4; 5.1; 4.8 and 4.6. Determination and identification of the lactose fermentation products, such as: sugars, organic acids and fatty acids were carried out. Textural and rheological characteristics and microstructure of the samples were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of kombucha on the milk fermentation process was compared with the effect of yoghurt and probiotic starter culture.<br />During milk fermentation at various stages of the process 14.6% of lactose content was transformed at 42&deg;C and 18.2% at 37&deg; C. The galactose and glucose content, which are formed by lactose hydrolyses and fermentation, increased between first and second pH point of fermentation (pH = 6.07 and pH = 5.8). Dominant organic acids during fermentation are L&ndash;lactic acid and acetic acid. There is no significant difference between samples in fatty acids content during fermentation on 37&deg;C and 42&deg;C. The level of palmitic acid in milk and samples was the highest of all fatty acids, followed by myristic, stearic, and oleic acid.<br />The most significant changes in textural properties (firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and viscosity index) and viscosity during milk fermentation by kombucha at 37&ordm;C and 42&deg;C, from the initial pH value 6.07 to a final 4.6, were recorded between pH=5.4 and 5.1, which is in correlation with microstructure.<br />Viscosity changes in all samples showed the same regression line with the different coefficients and a rather high r2 except for the sample produced with standard yoghurt culture at the pH 5.4. Samples produced with kombucha had the highest values of the complex modulus, which indicates better rheological characteristics of the final product.<br />In order to define an empirical model of lactose fermentation process in milk by kombucha, two mathematical models (one for the change of saccharose concentration, during its fermentation by kombucha, and the other for the rate of the mentioned fermentation) previously were formulated. Change of lactose concentrations at 37&ordm;C and 42&ordm;C consists of two retaining stages and very steep descend in-between. Saturation curves show a sigmoidal kinetics at low lactose concentrations, indicating a complex non&ndash;Michaelis&ndash;Menten type kinetics.<br />Generally it can be concluded that specific changes in the components and structure of milk by application of kombucha inoculum during fermentation at different stages of the process were established in comparison with the effects of yoghurt and probiotic starter culture.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lodi_cs_me_araca.pdf: 1606498 bytes, checksum: 492c52c9822e428b2ce4b80fc7f10a73 (MD5) / Bisco Inc., Il, Usa / Nas últimas décadas, tem se observado uma mudança substancial no hábito dietético das crianças, com um aumento crescente no consumo de produtos comercialmente disponíveis no mercado brasileiro, como os leites fermentados. Diante dessa realidade, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o pH, a capacidade tampão, conteúdo de flúor e de cálcio de alguns leites fermentados, bem como avaliar a acidogenicidade e a concentração dos íons flúor, cálcio, fósforo, carboidratos álcali-solúveis no biofilme dental formado in situ, além da desmineralização do esmalte dental bovino através do teste de microdureza superficial. Para análise bioquímica, foram utilizadas 6 marcas de leite fermentado desnatado adoçado (Parmalat®-uva, Chamyto®, Paulista®, Batavito®, Yakult®, Vigor Club®). O pH das amostras variou entre 3.51 e 3.87; a capacidade tampão variou de 470.8 a 804.2 μL da NaOH 1 mol L-1; a concentração do íon flúor variou de 0.027 a 0.958 μg F/g e a concentração de cálcio apresentou uma variação de 0.4787 a 0.8177 mg Ca/g. Para o estudo in situ, selecionou-se 2 marcas de leite fermentado e dez voluntários que receberam dispositivos palatinos contendo 4 blocos de esmalte dental bovino durante três fases de 14 dias cada. Os resultados mostraram que as concentrações dos íons (F, Ca e P) foram significantemente maiores quando se realizou o tratamento C (Batavito®) em comparação aos tratamentos A (Yakult®) e B (sacarose 20%) (p<0,05), os quais não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. Os dois grupos experimentais (Batavito® e Yakult®) tiveram perdas maiores que o controle (Sacarose 20%), embora não tenham apresentado diferença significante entre si. / In the last decades, it has been observed a substantial change in the children's dietary habit, with an increasing in the consumption of products commercially available in the Brazilian market, such as the fermented milks. Due to that reality, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the pH, buffering capacity, fluoride and calcium content of some fermented milks, as well as evaluating the concentration of the fluoride, calcium, phosphate, and alkali-soluble carbohydrates and the acidogenicity of the in situ dental plaque, besides the demineralization of the bovine dental enamel through the superficial microhardness test. For biochemical analysis, 6 brands of fermented milk were used (Parmalat®-grape, Chamyto®, Paulista®, Batavito®, Yakult®, Vigor Club®). The pH of the samples ranged from 3.51 to 3.87; the buffering capacity from 470.8 to 804.2 μL of NaOH 1 mol L-1; the concentration of the ion fluoride from 0.027 to 0.958 μg F/g and the concentration of calcium from 0.4787 to 0.8177 mg Ca/g. For the in situ study, it were selected 2 fermented milks and ten volunteers who received palatine devices containing 4 blocks of bovine dental enamel during three phases of 14 days each. The results showed that the ionic concentrations (F, Ca and P) were significantly larger when the treatment C (Batavito®) took place in comparison to the treatments A (Yakult®) and B (sucrose 20%) (p <0,05), which did not differ significantly amongst themselves. Batavito® and Yakult® had larger losses than the control (Sucrose 20%), although they have not presented significant difference amongst themselves. Considering the results of this study, it could be concluded that although the fluoride and calcium ions had been verified in the fermented milks the commercial brands Batavito® and Yakult® provoked demineralization of the dental enamel.

Orientador: Cleide Cristina Rodrigues Martinhon / Banca: Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem / Banca: Fabian Calixto Fraiz / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, tem se observado uma mudança substancial no hábito dietético das crianças, com um aumento crescente no consumo de produtos comercialmente disponíveis no mercado brasileiro, como os leites fermentados. Diante dessa realidade, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o pH, a capacidade tampão, conteúdo de flúor e de cálcio de alguns leites fermentados, bem como avaliar a acidogenicidade e a concentração dos íons flúor, cálcio, fósforo, carboidratos álcali-solúveis no biofilme dental formado in situ, além da desmineralização do esmalte dental bovino através do teste de microdureza superficial. Para análise bioquímica, foram utilizadas 6 marcas de leite fermentado desnatado adoçado (Parmalat®-uva, Chamyto®, Paulista®, Batavito®, Yakult®, Vigor Club®). O pH das amostras variou entre 3.51 e 3.87; a capacidade tampão variou de 470.8 a 804.2 μL da NaOH 1 mol L-1; a concentração do íon flúor variou de 0.027 a 0.958 μg F/g e a concentração de cálcio apresentou uma variação de 0.4787 a 0.8177 mg Ca/g. Para o estudo in situ, selecionou-se 2 marcas de leite fermentado e dez voluntários que receberam dispositivos palatinos contendo 4 blocos de esmalte dental bovino durante três fases de 14 dias cada. Os resultados mostraram que as concentrações dos íons (F, Ca e P) foram significantemente maiores quando se realizou o tratamento C (Batavito®) em comparação aos tratamentos A (Yakult®) e B (sacarose 20%) (p<0,05), os quais não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. Os dois grupos experimentais (Batavito® e Yakult®) tiveram perdas maiores que o controle (Sacarose 20%), embora não tenham apresentado diferença significante entre si. / Abstract: In the last decades, it has been observed a substantial change in the children's dietary habit, with an increasing in the consumption of products commercially available in the Brazilian market, such as the fermented milks. Due to that reality, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the pH, buffering capacity, fluoride and calcium content of some fermented milks, as well as evaluating the concentration of the fluoride, calcium, phosphate, and alkali-soluble carbohydrates and the acidogenicity of the in situ dental plaque, besides the demineralization of the bovine dental enamel through the superficial microhardness test. For biochemical analysis, 6 brands of fermented milk were used (Parmalat®-grape, Chamyto®, Paulista®, Batavito®, Yakult®, Vigor Club®). The pH of the samples ranged from 3.51 to 3.87; the buffering capacity from 470.8 to 804.2 μL of NaOH 1 mol L-1; the concentration of the ion fluoride from 0.027 to 0.958 μg F/g and the concentration of calcium from 0.4787 to 0.8177 mg Ca/g. For the in situ study, it were selected 2 fermented milks and ten volunteers who received palatine devices containing 4 blocks of bovine dental enamel during three phases of 14 days each. The results showed that the ionic concentrations (F, Ca and P) were significantly larger when the treatment C (Batavito®) took place in comparison to the treatments A (Yakult®) and B (sucrose 20%) (p <0,05), which did not differ significantly amongst themselves. Batavito® and Yakult® had larger losses than the control (Sucrose 20%), although they have not presented significant difference amongst themselves. Considering the results of this study, it could be concluded that although the fluoride and calcium ions had been verified in the fermented milks the commercial brands Batavito® and Yakult® provoked demineralization of the dental enamel. / Mestre