This PhD thesis is concerned with developing a methodology for early diagnosis of cancer by comparing the resonant frequencies in the amplitude spectra obtained during a vibration test using the AFM or, by comparing the stiffness properties of single cancerous and normal cells obtained using a resonant technique. As there is no reliable data in the literature to prove the existence of resonant frequencies of single cells, this work pioneers the search for resonant frequencies of related microspherical soft bodies using the AFM. Experiments to investigate the resonant behaviour of single cells depends on various parameters which are difficult to control; for example, the cell type, deciding at what stage the cell should be tested during the culturing process, determining the nucleus size, determining the cytoskeleton integrity and designing an appropriate vibration test setup among others. For this reason, agarose microspheres were selected to carry out preliminary work as these samples have similar properties to human cells and their resonances are affected by fewer variables. Although these micrometric spheres were tested under different conditions, no clear resonant behaviour was found at frequencies below 20 kHz and, only wide curves (interpreted as highly damped peaks of resonance) in the interval ranging from 20 kHz to 100 kHz were observed. By considering those curves as the quadrupole (Qp) vibration mode, approximate stiffness values for the agarose microspheres were found to be in between 37 kPa and 72 kPa. These values are similar to those obtained during an indentation test performed on the same samples whic¬¬h gave Young’s modulus values ranging from 10 kPa to 200 kPa. In order to gain a greater insight into the vibration test performed on microscopic samples, the research was extended to include agarose spheres of millimetric size. The characterization of these samples was carried out using an innovative purpose-built experimental setup. For the vibration test, a PZT based excitation device and a vibro-acoustic sensor were designed and constructed. The amplitude spectra of the vibration tests performed on millimetric samples consistently showed at least three peaks of resonance from which after the numerical simulation of the vibration test were interpreted as the quadrupole (Qp) and octupole (Op) vibration modes. Using this information, stiffness values for the samples ranging from 100 kPa to 700 kPa were calculated. In order to obtain the stiffness of the millimetric samples using a different technique, an experimental setup was constructed to perform a compression test. However, due to high viscoleasticity of the samples, it was not possible to obtain a standard compression curve necessary for their mechanical characterization. The results obtained from the tests on millimetric agarose samples demonstrate that spheres made of this material are able to provide measurable vibrational characteristics. Consequently, this methodology can be further implemented on micrometric samples and possibly on human cells to detect their resonant frequencies and equivalent stiffness values which can be used as a cancer marker. From the vibrational experiments on millimetric samples, it was noticed that the excitation mechanism plays an important role and for this reason future work is proposed to continue in this direction.

Ce travail vise à améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes particuliers du séchage des matériaux céramiques. Cette étape est cruciale lors de la création d’une pièce. En effet, outre l’optimisation de la composition de l’échantillon, la température ainsi que l’humidité relative doivent être contrôlées afin que la perte de masse et le retrait n’entraînent pas l’apparition de contraintes pouvant mener à la création de fissures qui, suite à un traitement thermique, endommageront la pièce finale. Dans un premier temps et après une présentation des différents mécanismes connus du séchage, cette thèse met en avant un ensemble de montages conçus au sein d’une enceinte climatique instrumentée. À l’aide de ces derniers,une première étude portant sur le comportement en température et en humidité du liquide de façonnage seul est réalisée. Ce liquide a ensuite été introduit entre deux substrats identiques et parallèles pour reproduire le cas d’un ménisque au sein d’une porosité. Les contacts hydrophiles et hydrophobes ont alors été étudiés. Enfin, des expériences de séchage ont été menées sur des matériaux céramiques afin de corréler les différentes observations. Les résultats obtenus démontrent l’importance d’un compromis dans le choix des paramètres de séchage. La température et l’humidité relative influencent non seulement la cinétique du procédé lors du départ de l’eau, mais modifient également le contact avec la phase solide de la pièce céramique. En fin de séchage, la rupture des ponts liquides est brutale et peut expliquer certains phénomènes macroscopiques observés lors du séchage de pièces de tailles industrielles. / This work aims at improving the understanding of the specific mechanisms of the drying of ceramic materials. This step is crucial when manufacturing a piece. Indeed, besides the optimization of the sample composition, the temperature and the relative humidity have to be controlled so that the weight loss andthe shrinkage do not cause any stress development, leading to cracks formation which can damage the final piece after a heat treatment. After a presentation of the different known drying mechanisms, this thesis highlights a set of measuring benches conceived within an instrumented climatic chamber. A firststudy concerning the behavior of the shaping liquid as a function of temperature and relative humidity isrealized. Then, this liquid is inserted between two parallel and identical substrates in order to reproduce the case of a liquid bridge within a pore. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic contacts are then studied.Finally, drying experiences are carried out on ceramic materials to correlate the different observations.The obtained results demonstrate the importance of a compromise when selecting the drying parameters.The temperature and the relative humidity not only influence the kinetics of the process during the liquiddeparture, but also modify the contact with the solid phase of the ceramic piece. At the end of drying, the rupture of liquid bridges is brutal and can explain some macroscopic phenomena observed when dryinglarge pieces.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude d’une interface eau-huile où a lieu une complexation de deux polymères. La phase aqueuse est une solution de microgels de polyacide acrylique réticulé (carbomer) et la phase organique comprend un polyélectrolyte possédant des fonctions amines (amodiméthicone). Cette interface polymérique permet la stabilisation d’émulsions directes dont la taille des gouttes atteint le millimètre. Les gouttes sont ici fabriquées une à une via une technique millifluidique, ce qui permet d’obtenir une émulsion calibrée. Ce procédé a été mis au point par la société Capsum afin d’encapsuler des parfums ou bien des principes actifs pour la cosmétique. L’adsorption et la complexation des polyélectrolytes à l’interface eau-huile sont tout d’abord caractérisées à l’aide de méthodes de tensiométrie, en statique et en dynamique. Les propriétés mécaniques de la membrane polymérique ainsi que son potentiel stabilisateur d’émulsions sont ensuite étudiés à l’échelle d’une collection de gouttes, en compression par gravité ou bien par centrifugation, ainsi que pour des gouttes uniques en écoulement dans un tube. Ces diverses approches expérimentales permettent de mettre en lumière différents régimes de stabilisation des émulsions en fonction des conditions physico-chimiques. Une observation majeure est que la quantité d’amodiméthicone contrôle l’ancrage du carbomer à l’interface ainsi que l’état fluide ou bien solide de l’interface et donc la stabilité de l’émulsion correspondante. De plus, lorsque la membrane est solide, c’est-à-dire lorsqu’il y a réticulation des microgels via l’amodiméthicone, un phénomène remarquable de propagation de la rupture de la membrane au sein d’une émulsion sous compression est révélé. / This work focuses on the study of an oil-water interface where the complexation of two polymers takes place. The aqueous phase is a solution of cross-linked polyacrylic acid microgels (carbomer) and the oil phase contains a polyelectrolyte possessing amine groups (amodimethicone). The stabilization of an emulsion of millimeter-sized droplets is achieved with this polymeric interface. Designed by millifluidic, the droplets are made one by one and a calibrated emulsion of oil in water is obtained. The process was developed by the company Capsum, with the objective to encapsulate perfumes or active ingredients for cosmetics. First, we characterize the adsorption and complexation of the polyelectrolytes at the oil-water interface with both static and dynamic tensiometry methods. Then, we study the mechanical properties of the polymeric membrane along with its capacity to stabilize emulsions, at the level of a collection of droplets undergoing compression which is applied either by gravity or by centrifugation, and also at the level of single droplets flowing through a glass capillary. Thanks to those various experimental methods, and depending on the physico-chemical conditions, the different emulsion stabilization regimes are highlighted. A major observation is that the amount of amodimethicone controls the anchoring of the carbomer at the interface, setting the interface state from fluid to solid, and therefore the corresponding emulsion stability. Moreover, when the membrane is solid, that is to say when the microgels are electrostatically cross-linked with the amodimethicone, a remarkable propagation of membrane rupture within an emulsion undergoing compression is revealed.

Les Détecteurs a Inductance Cinétique (KID) ont récemment attiré l'attention de la communauté des détecteurs fonctionnants à très basse température (~100 mK). Haute sensibilité, une fabrication simple, une lecture à faible constante de temps et un multiplexage fréquentielle intrinsèque, ouvrent de nouvelles possibilités pour les expériences necessitant des matrices de détecteurs ultra-sensibles avec un grand nombre de pixels. En astronomie millimétrique, l'instrument New IRAM KID Array (NIKA) est aujourd'hui la meilleure démonstration des performances optiques des ces détecteurs. Cette dernière est composée de plusieurs centaines des KIDs répartis sur deux bandes spectrales. NIKA est installé de manière permanente au telescope (30 mètres) IRAM à Pico Veleta (Grenade, Espagne). Pendant les campagnes d'observation NIKA, nous avons démontré des performances comparables aux bolomètres et l'instrument est aujourd'hui ouvert à la communauté des astronomes. Ces résultats favorables ont déclenché le développement d'une géneration plus ambitieuse : NIKA2. Cette dernière fonctionnera avec pas moins de quelques ~5000 pixels. De plus, il existe une volonté d'étendre la technologie de KID pour les futures missions spatiales d'observation. Dans ce cadre, il est important d'étudier l'interaction des rayons cosmiques avec les matrices de KIDs. Nous avons réalisé une étude avancée permettant aujourd'hui d'entrevoire la physique derrière les intéractions à haute énergie dans les substrats et leur propagation sous forme de phonons jusque dans les pixels. Le travail effectué dans cette thèse est centré principalement sur le développement des instruments (les matrices des detecteurs et le software de lecture et acquisition des donnes) dédiés aux KIDs pour ces mesures. / Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) have recently drawn the attention of the low-temperature detectors community. High sensitivity, low fabrication complexity, small time constant and most notably the intrinsic capability of frequency multiplexed readout open new possibilities for experiments which need large format arrays of ultra sensitive light detectors. In millimeter Astronomy, the New IRAM KID Array (NIKA) instrument is today the most beautiful demonstration of this statement. It is a two bands hundreds-pixels KID based camera permanently installed at the focal plane of the IRAM 30-m telescope of Pico Veleta (Granada, Spain). Thanks to the NIKA observational campaign, we have de nitively demonstrated performances comparable to the state-of-art of bolometers and the instrument is today opened to the astronomers community. This encourages further array scaling and opens the path to next generation kilo-pixels ground-based cameras, like NIKA-2. Moreover, the will to extend KID technology to space mission needs the interaction with cosmic rays to be investigated. The understanding of the physics behind substrate-higher energy particles interactions led us to implement a fully independent system for the phonon-mediated particle detection with KID arrays. The work carried out through this PhD thesis concerned the development of optimized Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LEKID) and the implementation of dedicated readout techniques for the aforementioned activities.

Les étoiles se forment par effondrement gravitationnel de condensations pré-stellaires. Le jeune embryon stellaire (phase Classe 0) croît en masse par l'accrétion progressive de l'enveloppe de gaz et de poussières dans lequel il est enfoui. Par conservation du moment cinétique, si le moment du coeur pré-stellaire est totalement transféré à l'embryon pendant la phase d'accrétion, la force gravitationnelle ne peut contrer la force centrifuge et l'embryon se fragmente prématurément. Pour former une étoile comme notre Soleil, l'enveloppe en rotation doit nécessairement réduire son moment cinétique de 5 à 10 ordres de grandeur en l'évacuant ou en le redistribuant. L'un des principaux défis de la formation stellaire est de quantifier l'ampleur de ce "problème du moment cinétique" et d'identifier les mécanismes responsables de la redistribution du moment.L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la cinématique des enveloppes proto-stellaires de Classe 0 afin d'établir leurs distributions de moment cinétique. Pour cela, j'ai utilisé des observations de raies moléculaires à haute résolution angulaire de l'Interféromètre du Plateau de Bure et du télescope de 30m de l'IRAM issues du large programme CALYPSO (Continuum and Lines in Young Protostellar Objects, PI : Ph. André) pour un échantillon de 12 proto-étoiles de Classe 0 à une distance d<400 pc. Cette analyse a permis de mesurer des mouvements de rotation différentielle et d'établir, pour la première fois, des distributions radiales du moment cinétique spécifique sur une grande gamme d'échelles (~50-10000 au) dans 11 des 12 enveloppes proto-stellaires de l'échantillon. Deux régimes distincts ont ainsi été mis en exergue: un profil constant à petites échelles (<1600 au) et une augmentation du moment avec le rayon aux grandes échelles (1600-10000 au).Le profil constant montre que la matière participant directement à la formation de l'étoile possède un moment cinétique spécifique (~5 10^-4 km/s pc, <1600 au) similaire à celui observé dans les petits disques entourant les étoiles T-Tauri.Les gradients de vitesse observés aux grandes échelles (>3000 au), historiquement utilisés pour mesurer la rotation des coeurs et quantifier le problème du moment cinétique, ne sont pas dus à la pure rotation des enveloppe proto-stellaires, mais sont dominés par d'autres mécanismes. Plusieurs scénarios sont donc discutés pour interpréter le changement de régime dans les profils de moment cinétique aux échelles >1600 au: une empreinte des conditions initiales de la phase pré-stellaire, un changement de mécanismes dominants (contre-rotation, transition effondrement-rotation) ou l'influence de la dynamique des filaments interstellaires (turbulence, effondrement, chocs) dans lesquels les proto-étoiles sont enfouies. / Stars form via the gravitational collapse of a pre-stellar condensation. The young stellar embryo (Class 0 phase) mass increases via the progressive accretion of the gaseous and dusty envelope within which it is buried. As a direct consequence of the angular momentum conservation, if the angular momentum of the pre-stellar core is totally transferred to the central embryo during the accretion phase, the gravitational force can not counteract the centrifugal force and the embryo fragments prematurely before reaching the main sequence. To form a star such as our Sun, the rotating envelope needs to reduce its angular momentum by 5 to 10 orders of magnitude by ejecting or redistributing it. One of the main challenges of stellar formation is to quantify the amplitude of this "angular momentum problem" and identify the mechanisms responsible for the angular momentum redistribution.The goal of this PhD thesis is to study the kinematics of Class 0 protostellar envelopes in order to probe the distribution of their angular momentum. To do this, I used high-resolution observations of molecular lines with the Plateau de Bure Interferometer and the 30m telescope at IRAM taken as part of the large programme CALYPSO (Continuum and Lines in Young Protostellar Objects, PI : Ph. André). The sample gathers 12 Class 0 protostars with distances d<400 pc. This analysis allows to measure differential rotation motions and provides, for the first time in a large sample, robust constraints on the radial distributions of specific angular momentum in a large range of scales (~50-10000 au) for 11 of the 12 protostellar envelopes targeted in the sample. Two distinct regimes are revealed: a constant profile at small scales (<1600 au) and an increasing of the angular momentum at larger radii (1600-10000 au).The constant profile shows that the specific angular momentum (~5 10-4 km/s pc, <1600 au) of the material directly involved in the star formation is similar to the value observed in the small disks surrounding the T-Tauri stars.Velocity gradients observed on large scales (>3000 au) - that are historically used to measure the rotation of the core and quantify the angular momentum problem - are not due to pure envelope rotation but can be dominated by other mechanisms. I discuss several scenarios in order to interpret this change of regime in the angular momentum profiles at scales >1600 au: the imprints of the initial conditions of the pre-stellar phase, a change of dominant mechanisms (counter-rotation, transition between infall and rotation) or the influence of the interstellar filament dynamics (turbulence, collapse, shocks) within which protostars are buried.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de metodologia para avaliar a utilização do Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) como ferramenta de pesquisa no estudo do comportamento dinâmico de obras viárias. Para ser caracterizado como um instrumento de medição, foi estudada a potencialidade de um método, que se fundamenta numa forma específica de coleta e processamento de dados GPS; análise dos resíduos resultantes do processamento da dupla diferença de fase e aplicação de análise espectral para filtragem de informações indesejáveis (multicaminhamento dos sinais GPS). A coleta envolve um oscilador eletro-mecânico, especialmente projetado, que permite calibrar as medidas de amplitude e freqüência das oscilações mensuráveis pela obra sob teste. Inúmeros experimentos foram realizados em ambientes de reflexões e difrações variáveis e com diversos tipos de receptores e antenas GPS. Alguns ensaios foram realizados utilizando, simultaneamente, equipamentos como transdutores de deslocamento, acelerômetros e estações totais. Comparando os resultados obtidos, mesmo com valores prescritos em normas e códigos, afirma-se que o GPS, sob o método de coleta de dados testado, é um instrumento confiável para detecção e caracterização do comportamento dinâmico de estruturas, apresentado confiabilidade para as medições realizadas, da ordem de décimos de milímetro. Quanto à detecção das freqüências, as mais baixas ficam comprometidas pela presença do multicaminhamento e as mais elevadas têm a detecção limitada pela máxima taxa de coleta dos receptores (Lei de Nyquist) / This work presents the development of a methodology to appraise the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) as a tool for researching of dynamic behavior of road transport structures. To be characterized as an instrument for measuring it was studied the potentiality of one method which includes a specific mode of GPS data collection; analyses of double difference phase residuals and application of spectral analyses and filtering for excluding undesirable information (multipath). The GPS data collected applies an electro-mechanical oscillator, specially built for that, which permits to calibrate the measures of frequency and amplitude of structure’s oscillations under dynamic load test. Several field tests were carried out in vicinities with high and low capacity of causing signal reflections and diffractions and with different types of GPS receivers and GPS antennas. A couple of fields were carried out using, at the same time, transducers of displacement, accelerometers and total stations. Comparing these results obtained even with values of codes, it is affirmed that GPS, under the data collection method tested, it is a trustworthy instrument for detection and characterization of dynamic behavior of structures, presenting reliability of measures ranging around tenths of millimeters. The very low frequencies are highly degraded by multipath and very high frequencies have its detection limited by the receiver data rate (Theorem’s Nyquist)

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de metodologia para avaliar a utilização do Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) como ferramenta de pesquisa no estudo do comportamento dinâmico de obras viárias. Para ser caracterizado como um instrumento de medição, foi estudada a potencialidade de um método, que se fundamenta numa forma específica de coleta e processamento de dados GPS; análise dos resíduos resultantes do processamento da dupla diferença de fase e aplicação de análise espectral para filtragem de informações indesejáveis (multicaminhamento dos sinais GPS). A coleta envolve um oscilador eletro-mecânico, especialmente projetado, que permite calibrar as medidas de amplitude e freqüência das oscilações mensuráveis pela obra sob teste. Inúmeros experimentos foram realizados em ambientes de reflexões e difrações variáveis e com diversos tipos de receptores e antenas GPS. Alguns ensaios foram realizados utilizando, simultaneamente, equipamentos como transdutores de deslocamento, acelerômetros e estações totais. Comparando os resultados obtidos, mesmo com valores prescritos em normas e códigos, afirma-se que o GPS, sob o método de coleta de dados testado, é um instrumento confiável para detecção e caracterização do comportamento dinâmico de estruturas, apresentado confiabilidade para as medições realizadas, da ordem de décimos de milímetro. Quanto à detecção das freqüências, as mais baixas ficam comprometidas pela presença do multicaminhamento e as mais elevadas têm a detecção limitada pela máxima taxa de coleta dos receptores (Lei de Nyquist) / This work presents the development of a methodology to appraise the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) as a tool for researching of dynamic behavior of road transport structures. To be characterized as an instrument for measuring it was studied the potentiality of one method which includes a specific mode of GPS data collection; analyses of double difference phase residuals and application of spectral analyses and filtering for excluding undesirable information (multipath). The GPS data collected applies an electro-mechanical oscillator, specially built for that, which permits to calibrate the measures of frequency and amplitude of structure’s oscillations under dynamic load test. Several field tests were carried out in vicinities with high and low capacity of causing signal reflections and diffractions and with different types of GPS receivers and GPS antennas. A couple of fields were carried out using, at the same time, transducers of displacement, accelerometers and total stations. Comparing these results obtained even with values of codes, it is affirmed that GPS, under the data collection method tested, it is a trustworthy instrument for detection and characterization of dynamic behavior of structures, presenting reliability of measures ranging around tenths of millimeters. The very low frequencies are highly degraded by multipath and very high frequencies have its detection limited by the receiver data rate (Theorem’s Nyquist)