Cell migration is essential for homeostasis and the development of metastases. We hypothesize that cell migration is regulated by mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum morphology. Using live cell microscopy, we found that mitochondria specifically migrate into the biochemically dense leading edge of the cell interacting with focal adhesions as well. At the leading edge the mitochondria are visibly shorter and less tubular than the perinuclear area. This is related to the elevated levels of fission events per minute in the leading edge and elevated levels of fusion events per minute in the trailing edge. We observe that mitochondria migrate along microtubules and simultaneously interact with the ER. When the ER is sheet-like the mitochondria are longer and tubular and when the ER is tubular the mitochondria are shorter and punctate. This change in ER and mitochondria morphology changes the cell’s ability to migrate. CLIMP63 cells have more sporadic turns, take longer to make turns, have shorter distances travelled and shorter displacements. To determine whether mitochondria dynamics play a role we examined these cell migration parameters in the presence of OPA1 and Drp1. This allowed us to conclude that the ER morphology is responsible for the distance and displacement the cell travels while the mitochondria is responsible for the angles the cell turns. When the ER is sheet-like the cells will be travel shorter total distances and displacements and when the cell has longer mitochondria it will be sporadic turns and take longer to make these turns.

Le foie est un organe indispensable dans le contrôle de l'homéostasie énergétique du corps humain. En particulier, le métabolisme hépatique est crucial pour l'homéostasie glucidique et lipidique. Les voies cataboliques et anaboliques sont en équilibre constant et régulées de façon synergique en fonction de la disponibilité en nutriments et de la demande en énergie. La perturbation de cet équilibre, notamment en cas d'obésité, peut conduire à l'accumulation intra-hépatique de lipides, qui est une des causes principales de la survenue de l'insulino-résistance hépatique (IRH), conduisant à l'hyperglycémie chronique et au diabète de type 2 (DT2). La cellule eucaryote est une structure hautement compartimentée, et à ce titre la compartimentalisation des processus cataboliques et anaboliques est une part intégrante de la gestion des voies métaboliques. Dans cet ensemble, la mitochondrie est un organite clef, qui abrite l'oxydation des lipides, le cycle de l'acide citrique (CAC) et la respiration cellulaire. De cette manière, la fonction mitochondriale est un élément crucial dans le maintien de l'état énergétique et d'oxydation-réduction de la cellule dans une gamme physiologique, ainsi que dans la régulation de l'activité du métabolisme du glucose et des lipides pour l'homéostasie du corps entier. La fonction mitochondriale est directement régulée par son interaction avec le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) via des zones de proximité entre les organites appelées Mitochondria-Associated-Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Membranes ou MAM. Dans ce contexte, j'ai participé au cours de mon travail de thèse à une étude qui a montré l'importance des interactions mitochondrie-RE dans la signalisation de l'insuline et mise en lumière la perturbation des MAM comme acteur principal dans l'IRH. De plus, j'ai étudié la régulation des MAM dans le contexte physiologique de la transition nutritionnelle dans le foie sain et insulino-résistant (IR) / The liver is an essential organ in the control of energetic homeostasis of the human body. Particularly, hepatic metabolism is crucial for glucose and lipid homeostasis. Catabolism and anabolism of both substrates are in constant equilibrium and synergically regulated in regard of nutrient availability and energetic demand. Disruption of this equilibrium, especially in the case of obesity, can lead to hepatic accumulation of lipids, which is a major cause of hepatic insulin resistance (HIR) leading to chronic hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The eukaryotic cell is a highly compartmented structure, and in this respect compartmentation of anabolic and catabolic processes is an integral part of managing metabolic pathways together. In this context, the mitochondrion is a key organelle, housing oxidation of lipids, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and cellular respiration. In this way, mitochondrial function is a crucial element in maintaining energetic and reductionoxidation state of the cell within physiological ranges, as well in regulating the proper activity of glucose and lipid metabolism for the all body homeostasis. Mitochondrial function is directly regulated by its interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via proximity points between the organelles called Mitochondria-Associated-ER-Membranes (MAM). In this context I have participated during my Ph.D. in a work that has shown the importance of mitochondria-ER interactions in insulin signalling and highlighted MAM disruption as a main actor in HIR. Furthermore, I have studied the regulation of MAM in the physiological context of nutritional transition in the healthy and insulin resistant (IR) liver. Particularly, we have shown that MAM disruption induces impaired insulin signalling, while their reinforcement protects against its appearance and restore insulin sensitivity in lipid-induced IR condition. Moreover, we have pointed out a consistent decrease of MAM quantity in the IR liver of ob/ob, high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) and Cyclophilin D - knock-out (CypD-KO) mice