We study the electronic band structure of bulk within a six-band bond-orbital model. All interaction parameters of this model involved are directly related to parameters for describing bulk bands near the zone center in the k¡Ep finite difference method. To study the conduction-valence band mixing effect, we calculate the electronic band structure for the InAs-GaSb superlattice, within a six-band bond-orbital model. In the InAs-AlSb-GaSb-AlSb superlattice, we find that energy-gap of this material will change rapidly with different AlSb layer thickness. This indicates that the e-X line observed in far-infrared cyclotron-resonance spectrum is originated from conduction-valence band mixing effect. This result is in good agreement with the experimental results.

Abstract This thesis describes the laser Doppler technique based on a self-mixing effect in a diode laser to noninvasive cardiovascular pulse detection in a human wrist above the radial artery. The main applications of self-mixing interferometry described in this thesis in addition to pulse detection are arterial pulse shape and autonomic regulation measurements. The elastic properties of the arterial wall are evaluated and compared to pulse wave velocity variation at different pressure conditions inside the radial artery. The main advantages of self-mixing interferometry compared to conventional interferometers are that the measurement set up is simple, because basically only one optical component, the laser diode, is needed. The use of fewer components decreases the price of the device, thus making it inexpensive to use. Moreover, an interferometer can be implemented in a small size and it is easy to control because only one optical axis has to be adjusted. In addition, an accuracy, which corresponds to half of the wavelength of the light source, can be achieved. These benefits make this technique interesting for application to the measurement of different parameters of the cardiovascular pulse. In this thesis, measurement of three different parameters from cardiovascular pulsation in the wrist is studied. The first study considers arterial pulse shape measurement. It was found that an arterial pulse shape reconstructed from the Doppler signal correlates well to the pulse shape of a blood pressure pulse measured with a commercial photoplethysmograph. The second study considers measurement of autonomic regulation using the Doppler technique. It was found that the baroreflex part of autonomic regulation can be measured from the displacement of the arterial wall, which is affected by blood pressure variation inside the artery. In the third study, self-mixing interferometry is superimposed to evaluate the elastic properties of the arterial wall. It was found that the elastic modulus of the arterial wall increases as blood pressure increases. Correlations between measurements and theoretical values were found but deviation in measured values was large. It was noticed that the elastic modulus of the arterial wall and pulse wave velocity behave similarly as a function of blood pressure. When the arterial pressure increases, both the elastic modulus and pulse wave velocity reach higher values than in lower pressure.

The work presented in this thesis belongs to the domain of theoretical and experimental gas phase molecular spectroscopy. It consists of two parts dedicated to two relatively different aspects in this field. The first part presents a high resolution analysis of the ν5 fundamental band (NO2 in plane bending mode) positions and intensities of D14NO3 (deuterated nitric acid) in the 11 µm spectral region. For this study, we used an infrared spectrum of D14NO3 recorded in the 700−1400 cm−1 region on a Fourier transform spectrometer at Bergische Universität in Wuppertal (Germany). Our analysis demonstrates that the fundamental ν5 band centered at 887.657 cm−1 is strongly perturbed. Indeed, it proves that 5^1 and 7^1+9^1 energy levels of DNO3 are coupled through A and B type Coriolis resonances. The resonance scheme for the isotopologue D14NO3 therefore differs substantially from the schemes of H14NO3 and H15NO3 that feature dominantly Fermi type resonances. The second theme treated in this work is devoted to the lineshapes of pure rotational transitions of CH3F with the study of collisional broadening (collisions CH3F-CH3F and CH3F-He) of optical transitions and their Stark components. The microwave measurements were realised at ICT in Prague. Their analysis enabled to provide collisional parameters using various line profiles (Voigt, Rautian, Speed dependent) for the J, K → J + 1, K (K = 0, ..., J) transitions with J = 1 and J = 3 as well as for their various Stark components J, K, M → J + 1, K, M' (|M| = 0, ..., J ; |M − M'| = 0, 1). Moreover, a correct use of model based on Infinite Order Sudden approximation led to very satisfactory results of the observed line-mixing effects. The retrieved experimental results complete and extend the previous studies and provide the first successful demonstration of the ability of the IOS approximation to model line-mixing effects among Stark transitions

Le travail qui est présenté dans ce mémoire de thèse s'inscrit dans le domaine de la Spectroscopie moléculaire en phase gazeuse théorique et expérimentale. Il comprend deux parties dédiées à des aspects relativement différents de cette discipline. La première partie présente l'analyse à haute résolution des positions et intensité des raies de la bande ν5 (ouverture angulaire du groupe NO2 dans le plan de la molécule) de DNO3 dans la région spectrale de 11 µm. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé un spectre infrarouge enregistré dans la région 700−1400 cm−1 à l'aide d'un spectromètre à transformée de Fourier de l'université « Bergische Universität » à Wuppertal, en Allemagne. Ce travail nous a permis de montrer que la bande ν5, centrée à 887.657 cm−1, est fortement perturbée. L'analyse prouve en effet que les niveaux d'énergie 5^1 et 7^1+9^1 sont couplés par des résonances de Coriolis de types A et B. Le schéma de résonances pour la variété isotopique DNO3 diffère donc fortement de ceux observés pour les états 5^1 et 9^2 de H14NO3 et H15NO3 qui sont majoritairement de type Fermi. Le deuxième problème abordé dans ce travail est celui des profils de raies rotationnelles pures de CH3F avec l'étude des élargissements collisionnels (collisions CH3F-CH3F et CH3F-He) des transitions optiques et de leurs composantes Stark. Des mesures microondes ont été réalisées à l'ESTC à Prague. Leur analyse a permis d'en extraire des paramètres collisionnels à l'aide de divers profils de raies (Voigt, Rautian, dépendantes de vitesse) pour les transitions J, K → J + 1, K (K = 0, …, J) avec J = 1 et J = 3 et leurs diverses composantes Stark J, K, M → J + 1, K, M' (|M| = 0, …, J ; |M − M'| = 0, 1). De plus, un modèle fondé sur l'approximation Infinite Order Sudden (IOS) a été construit pour décrire les effets d'interférences collisionnelles observés. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus complètent et étendent des travaux précédents et sont la première démonstration de la capacité de l'approximation IOS à modéliser les couplages collisionnels entre composantes Stark / The work presented in this thesis belongs to the domain of theoretical and experimental gas phase molecular spectroscopy. It consists of two parts dedicated to two relatively different aspects in this field. The first part presents a high resolution analysis of the ν5 fundamental band (NO2 in plane bending mode) positions and intensities of D14NO3 (deuterated nitric acid) in the 11 µm spectral region. For this study, we used an infrared spectrum of D14NO3 recorded in the 700−1400 cm−1 region on a Fourier transform spectrometer at Bergische Universität in Wuppertal (Germany). Our analysis demonstrates that the fundamental ν5 band centered at 887.657 cm−1 is strongly perturbed. Indeed, it proves that 5^1 and 7^1+9^1 energy levels of DNO3 are coupled through A and B type Coriolis resonances. The resonance scheme for the isotopologue D14NO3 therefore differs substantially from the schemes of H14NO3 and H15NO3 that feature dominantly Fermi type resonances. The second theme treated in this work is devoted to the lineshapes of pure rotational transitions of CH3F with the study of collisional broadening (collisions CH3F-CH3F and CH3F-He) of optical transitions and their Stark components. The microwave measurements were realised at ICT in Prague. Their analysis enabled to provide collisional parameters using various line profiles (Voigt, Rautian, Speed dependent) for the J, K → J + 1, K (K = 0, …, J) transitions with J = 1 and J = 3 as well as for their various Stark components J, K, M → J + 1, K, M' (|M| = 0, …, J ; |M − M'| = 0, 1). Moreover, a correct use of model based on Infinite Order Sudden approximation led to very satisfactory results of the observed line-mixing effects. The retrieved experimental results complete and extend the previous studies and provide the first successful demonstration of the ability of the IOS approximation to model line-mixing effects among Stark transitions

Reservoir quality of subsurface sandstones depends on the composition, texture and grain size of the initial sediments. These factors are a function of hinterland processes: tectonic setting, provenance, climate and depositional environment, and sediment transportation processes. This study focuses on a modern, dryland, fluvial deposition system from source-to-sink that aims to provide a quantitative dataset analogue to facilitate forward modelling for prediction of subsurface compositions, grain size and textures of reservoir sandstones. Umbum Creek, in the western Lake Eyre Basin of Central Australia, was selected as a small river network (~ 100km²) in order to study source-to-sink sedimentation. The provenance area was analysed using isopach maps derived from a 783 drill-hole dataset, which included stratigraphy and lithology information. Subsequently forty-three samples of different provenance lithotypes from the Umbum Creek catchment were collected for petrographic thin-section analysis. Recent sediments were then sampled from 90 strategically located stream confluences along Umbum Creek and tributaries (proximal, medial and distal subsets). A quantitative textural and compositional dataset was subsequently generated from 34 selected samples. With half-phi sieve analysis (4mm to 32 microns), and an associated petrographic description recognising 72 categories of grain composition was undertaken for each sample. The provenance analysis using isopach maps demonstrated that Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basin evolution in the study area was controlled by northeast and northwest-trending structural elements. The regional uplift of the Peake and Denison Inliers that occurred during the Cenozoic had a significant impact on the evolution of the Lake Eyre Basin, causing changes in the provenance of Late Neogene sedimentation and on through to the present. The sink area represents a shallow intracratonic basin whereby a thin veneer of fluvial/lacustrine sediments is accumulating adjacent to a basement uplift. This study has highlighted the importance of multiple sediment provenances. Five different provenance lithotype grains were identified in the Umbum Creek modern sediments: the Gawler Craton plutonic / basement provenance (recycled) the Peake and Denison Inliers Proterozoic volcanic provenance (recycled), the Davenport Ranges metamorphic provenance, the Mesozoic sedimentary provenance and the Cenozoic sedimentary provenance. Whereas a downstream fining of grain size was expected, a general trend of downstream coarsening of grain size was noted being the result of aeolian deflation of fines and intra-basinal coarse-grained sediment contributions. In the sink area, modern sediments from the terminal splay complex comprise 70-80% quartz, 10-20% lithic fragments (of which ~ 7% are ductile lithic grains), < 3% feldspar, and clay (<2%). Grains are sub-angular to well-rounded and moderately well sorted. The compositional and textural maturity of the terminal splay sediments is attributed to reworked plutonic quartz grains, the dissolution and disintegration of feldspar and carbonate grains during transportation, along with the breakdown of lithic fragments due to fluvio-aeolian interactions and subsequent mechanical/ chemical weathering processes. These data were used to build a predictive forward model for modal sandstone analysis that achieved a fair to good correlation between predicted and observed grain lithotypes and provenance categories. These results illustrate that the character of sands in the Umbum Creek catchment are governed by a multiplicity of controls such as tectonic setting, provenance lithotype analysis, climate, regional topographic gradient, hinterland transport distance, basin subsidence rate and depositional environment. The fluvio-aeolian depositional environment along with the current arid to semi-arid playa climatic conditions of Umbum Creek catchment facilitate the growth of clay coatings, however accounts for a low clay matrix within the deposits. In addition, the playa environment also facilitates the alteration of infiltrated detrital clay to kaolinite, the formation of evaporites (gypsum, halite and anhydrite) and the formation of authigenic clays. These factors are all significant in determining the ultimate reservoir quality of reservoir sandstones, emphasising the importance of this study as an analogue for modelling ‘buried’ dryland depositional systems. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1337211 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2008

Reservoir quality of subsurface sandstones depends on the composition, texture and grain size of the initial sediments. These factors are a function of hinterland processes: tectonic setting, provenance, climate and depositional environment, and sediment transportation processes. This study focuses on a modern, dryland, fluvial deposition system from source-to-sink that aims to provide a quantitative dataset analogue to facilitate forward modelling for prediction of subsurface compositions, grain size and textures of reservoir sandstones. Umbum Creek, in the western Lake Eyre Basin of Central Australia, was selected as a small river network (~ 100km²) in order to study source-to-sink sedimentation. The provenance area was analysed using isopach maps derived from a 783 drill-hole dataset, which included stratigraphy and lithology information. Subsequently forty-three samples of different provenance lithotypes from the Umbum Creek catchment were collected for petrographic thin-section analysis. Recent sediments were then sampled from 90 strategically located stream confluences along Umbum Creek and tributaries (proximal, medial and distal subsets). A quantitative textural and compositional dataset was subsequently generated from 34 selected samples. With half-phi sieve analysis (4mm to 32 microns), and an associated petrographic description recognising 72 categories of grain composition was undertaken for each sample. The provenance analysis using isopach maps demonstrated that Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basin evolution in the study area was controlled by northeast and northwest-trending structural elements. The regional uplift of the Peake and Denison Inliers that occurred during the Cenozoic had a significant impact on the evolution of the Lake Eyre Basin, causing changes in the provenance of Late Neogene sedimentation and on through to the present. The sink area represents a shallow intracratonic basin whereby a thin veneer of fluvial/lacustrine sediments is accumulating adjacent to a basement uplift. This study has highlighted the importance of multiple sediment provenances. Five different provenance lithotype grains were identified in the Umbum Creek modern sediments: the Gawler Craton plutonic / basement provenance (recycled) the Peake and Denison Inliers Proterozoic volcanic provenance (recycled), the Davenport Ranges metamorphic provenance, the Mesozoic sedimentary provenance and the Cenozoic sedimentary provenance. Whereas a downstream fining of grain size was expected, a general trend of downstream coarsening of grain size was noted being the result of aeolian deflation of fines and intra-basinal coarse-grained sediment contributions. In the sink area, modern sediments from the terminal splay complex comprise 70-80% quartz, 10-20% lithic fragments (of which ~ 7% are ductile lithic grains), < 3% feldspar, and clay (<2%). Grains are sub-angular to well-rounded and moderately well sorted. The compositional and textural maturity of the terminal splay sediments is attributed to reworked plutonic quartz grains, the dissolution and disintegration of feldspar and carbonate grains during transportation, along with the breakdown of lithic fragments due to fluvio-aeolian interactions and subsequent mechanical/ chemical weathering processes. These data were used to build a predictive forward model for modal sandstone analysis that achieved a fair to good correlation between predicted and observed grain lithotypes and provenance categories. These results illustrate that the character of sands in the Umbum Creek catchment are governed by a multiplicity of controls such as tectonic setting, provenance lithotype analysis, climate, regional topographic gradient, hinterland transport distance, basin subsidence rate and depositional environment. The fluvio-aeolian depositional environment along with the current arid to semi-arid playa climatic conditions of Umbum Creek catchment facilitate the growth of clay coatings, however accounts for a low clay matrix within the deposits. In addition, the playa environment also facilitates the alteration of infiltrated detrital clay to kaolinite, the formation of evaporites (gypsum, halite and anhydrite) and the formation of authigenic clays. These factors are all significant in determining the ultimate reservoir quality of reservoir sandstones, emphasising the importance of this study as an analogue for modelling ‘buried’ dryland depositional systems. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1337211 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2008

Reservoir quality of subsurface sandstones depends on the composition, texture and grain size of the initial sediments. These factors are a function of hinterland processes: tectonic setting, provenance, climate and depositional environment, and sediment transportation processes. This study focuses on a modern, dryland, fluvial deposition system from source-to-sink that aims to provide a quantitative dataset analogue to facilitate forward modelling for prediction of subsurface compositions, grain size and textures of reservoir sandstones. Umbum Creek, in the western Lake Eyre Basin of Central Australia, was selected as a small river network (~ 100km²) in order to study source-to-sink sedimentation. The provenance area was analysed using isopach maps derived from a 783 drill-hole dataset, which included stratigraphy and lithology information. Subsequently forty-three samples of different provenance lithotypes from the Umbum Creek catchment were collected for petrographic thin-section analysis. Recent sediments were then sampled from 90 strategically located stream confluences along Umbum Creek and tributaries (proximal, medial and distal subsets). A quantitative textural and compositional dataset was subsequently generated from 34 selected samples. With half-phi sieve analysis (4mm to 32 microns), and an associated petrographic description recognising 72 categories of grain composition was undertaken for each sample. The provenance analysis using isopach maps demonstrated that Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basin evolution in the study area was controlled by northeast and northwest-trending structural elements. The regional uplift of the Peake and Denison Inliers that occurred during the Cenozoic had a significant impact on the evolution of the Lake Eyre Basin, causing changes in the provenance of Late Neogene sedimentation and on through to the present. The sink area represents a shallow intracratonic basin whereby a thin veneer of fluvial/lacustrine sediments is accumulating adjacent to a basement uplift. This study has highlighted the importance of multiple sediment provenances. Five different provenance lithotype grains were identified in the Umbum Creek modern sediments: the Gawler Craton plutonic / basement provenance (recycled) the Peake and Denison Inliers Proterozoic volcanic provenance (recycled), the Davenport Ranges metamorphic provenance, the Mesozoic sedimentary provenance and the Cenozoic sedimentary provenance. Whereas a downstream fining of grain size was expected, a general trend of downstream coarsening of grain size was noted being the result of aeolian deflation of fines and intra-basinal coarse-grained sediment contributions. In the sink area, modern sediments from the terminal splay complex comprise 70-80% quartz, 10-20% lithic fragments (of which ~ 7% are ductile lithic grains), < 3% feldspar, and clay (<2%). Grains are sub-angular to well-rounded and moderately well sorted. The compositional and textural maturity of the terminal splay sediments is attributed to reworked plutonic quartz grains, the dissolution and disintegration of feldspar and carbonate grains during transportation, along with the breakdown of lithic fragments due to fluvio-aeolian interactions and subsequent mechanical/ chemical weathering processes. These data were used to build a predictive forward model for modal sandstone analysis that achieved a fair to good correlation between predicted and observed grain lithotypes and provenance categories. These results illustrate that the character of sands in the Umbum Creek catchment are governed by a multiplicity of controls such as tectonic setting, provenance lithotype analysis, climate, regional topographic gradient, hinterland transport distance, basin subsidence rate and depositional environment. The fluvio-aeolian depositional environment along with the current arid to semi-arid playa climatic conditions of Umbum Creek catchment facilitate the growth of clay coatings, however accounts for a low clay matrix within the deposits. In addition, the playa environment also facilitates the alteration of infiltrated detrital clay to kaolinite, the formation of evaporites (gypsum, halite and anhydrite) and the formation of authigenic clays. These factors are all significant in determining the ultimate reservoir quality of reservoir sandstones, emphasising the importance of this study as an analogue for modelling ‘buried’ dryland depositional systems. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1337211 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2008

This study is presented in nine chapters as follows: Chapter one reviews the reported literature on the NMR of natural diamond. The NMR signal of diamond consists on a single line at 39 ppm from TMS and two hyperfine lines due to 13C interactions. The reported relaxation times, measured in natural diamond, synthetic diamonds and 13C enriched diamonds, are discussed. The second chapter introduces the apparatus used, which included a Bruker Avance NMR spectrometer, a Bruker ESP380E pulsed EPR spectrometer and a high powersband DNP system. The availability of this excellently equiped laboratory presented a unique opportunity to perform this investigation. Chapter three outlines the experimental techniques used as well as the manner in which the acquired data was processed. The fourth chapter presents an overview of the most common defects found in diamond. Proposed models of these defects are presented and the resulting EPR spectra displayed. The methods developed to determine the paramagnetic impurity concentration from the EPR line width and the spin-spin relaxation times are presented in the fifth chapter. The line width gives the total paramagnetic impurity concentration to about 10 ppm. The spin-spin relaxation time allows the determination of Pl and P2 paramagnetic impurity concentrations individually, to much lower levels from measurements on the central and hyperfine lines. This information was used in the explanation of the relaxation behaviour for the various diamonds investigated. The temperature dependence of the paramagnetic electron relaxation times is reported in the sixth chapter. The results obtained are consistent with the findings in prior work that Pl impurities are typical Jahn Teller centres. Two diamonds, however, display trends that depart from this theory. These diamonds contain N3 defect centres, which appear to be responsible for this behaviour. It was found in these experiments that, bar thermal expansion effects, the spin-spin relaxation time is essentially independent of temperature. The seventh chapter deals with the solid state and thermal mixing effects. The relevant theory, results obtained and a discussion of these results, are presented. The effect of impurity concentration, defect types, microwave power, the exposure time and the offset from resonance on the polarisation rates and the 13C polarisation are investigated in depth. Finally the effect of applying the DNP treatment on the central and hyperfine lines is discussed. The pulsed DNP process is presented in the eighth chapter. The relevant theory, the effects of matching of the Hartmann-Hahn condition, impurity concentrations and types, on the polarisation rate and signal enhancement of JJC nuclei is given. A comparison to the continuous wave techniques is then made. The ninth chapter summarises the achievements and recommendations for further work. / Physics / D. Phil. (Physics)

This study is presented in nine chapters as follows: Chapter one reviews the reported literature on the NMR of natural diamond. The NMR signal of diamond consists on a single line at 39 ppm from TMS and two hyperfine lines due to 13C interactions. The reported relaxation times, measured in natural diamond, synthetic diamonds and 13C enriched diamonds, are discussed. The second chapter introduces the apparatus used, which included a Bruker Avance NMR spectrometer, a Bruker ESP380E pulsed EPR spectrometer and a high powersband DNP system. The availability of this excellently equiped laboratory presented a unique opportunity to perform this investigation. Chapter three outlines the experimental techniques used as well as the manner in which the acquired data was processed. The fourth chapter presents an overview of the most common defects found in diamond. Proposed models of these defects are presented and the resulting EPR spectra displayed. The methods developed to determine the paramagnetic impurity concentration from the EPR line width and the spin-spin relaxation times are presented in the fifth chapter. The line width gives the total paramagnetic impurity concentration to about 10 ppm. The spin-spin relaxation time allows the determination of Pl and P2 paramagnetic impurity concentrations individually, to much lower levels from measurements on the central and hyperfine lines. This information was used in the explanation of the relaxation behaviour for the various diamonds investigated. The temperature dependence of the paramagnetic electron relaxation times is reported in the sixth chapter. The results obtained are consistent with the findings in prior work that Pl impurities are typical Jahn Teller centres. Two diamonds, however, display trends that depart from this theory. These diamonds contain N3 defect centres, which appear to be responsible for this behaviour. It was found in these experiments that, bar thermal expansion effects, the spin-spin relaxation time is essentially independent of temperature. The seventh chapter deals with the solid state and thermal mixing effects. The relevant theory, results obtained and a discussion of these results, are presented. The effect of impurity concentration, defect types, microwave power, the exposure time and the offset from resonance on the polarisation rates and the 13C polarisation are investigated in depth. Finally the effect of applying the DNP treatment on the central and hyperfine lines is discussed. The pulsed DNP process is presented in the eighth chapter. The relevant theory, the effects of matching of the Hartmann-Hahn condition, impurity concentrations and types, on the polarisation rate and signal enhancement of JJC nuclei is given. A comparison to the continuous wave techniques is then made. The ninth chapter summarises the achievements and recommendations for further work. / Physics / D. Phil. (Physics)