<p>Хидролошке&nbsp; суше&nbsp; су&nbsp; сложена&nbsp; појава&nbsp; како&nbsp; у погледу&nbsp; фактора&nbsp; који&nbsp; је&nbsp;&nbsp; изазивају,&nbsp; тако&nbsp; и&nbsp; у погледу&nbsp; њеног&nbsp; утицаја&nbsp; на&nbsp; екосистем&nbsp; и друштво.&nbsp; У&nbsp; дисертацији&nbsp; је&nbsp; приказана предност&nbsp; анализе&nbsp; малих вода,&nbsp; односно хидролошких&nbsp; суша&nbsp; са&nbsp; две&nbsp; променљиве (дефицит&nbsp; и&nbsp; трајање),&nbsp; у&nbsp; односу&nbsp; на&nbsp; уобичајену анализу&nbsp; са&nbsp; једном&nbsp; вредношћу(најчешће минимални&nbsp; годишњи&nbsp; протицај).&nbsp; Резултати добијени&nbsp; статистичком&nbsp; анализом&nbsp; суша,&nbsp; које су&nbsp; издвојене&nbsp; методом&nbsp; прага&nbsp; недвосмислено су&nbsp; показали&nbsp; да&nbsp; имају већу&nbsp; применљивост&nbsp; у водопривреди&nbsp; него&nbsp; методе&nbsp; које&nbsp; користе стандардизоване&nbsp; индексе,&nbsp; јер&nbsp; дају&nbsp; конкретне вредности&nbsp; недостајућих&nbsp; количина воде (запремине&nbsp; дефицита&nbsp; суша)&nbsp; у&nbsp; односу&nbsp; на релативне&nbsp; вредности&nbsp; стандардизованих индекса.&nbsp; Метода&nbsp; прага&nbsp; је&nbsp; примењена&nbsp; на39 станица&nbsp; у&nbsp; сливу&nbsp; Велике&nbsp; Мораве&nbsp; за&nbsp; период 1960-2014,&nbsp; што&nbsp; до&nbsp; сад&nbsp; представља&nbsp; највећи узорак&nbsp; на&nbsp; којем&nbsp; је&nbsp; примењивана&nbsp; у&nbsp; Србији, било&nbsp; да&nbsp; се&nbsp; ради&nbsp; о&nbsp; анализи&nbsp; малих&nbsp; или еликих&nbsp; вода.&nbsp; Као&nbsp; праг&nbsp; за&nbsp; издвајање&nbsp; суша узета&nbsp; је вредност Q₉₀ ,&nbsp; јер&nbsp; је&nbsp; циљ&nbsp; био&nbsp; анализа просторних&nbsp; и временских&nbsp; карактеристика екстремних(великих)&nbsp; суша&nbsp; у&nbsp; сливу&nbsp; Велике Мораве.&nbsp; Избор&nbsp; прага&nbsp; утицао&nbsp; је&nbsp; и&nbsp; на&nbsp; избор методе&nbsp; парцијалних&nbsp; серија&nbsp; за&nbsp; статистичку анализу карактеристика суша. За одређивање параметра&nbsp; теоријских&nbsp; расподела&nbsp; коришћени су L-моменти&nbsp; који&nbsp; дају&nbsp; поузданије&nbsp; оцене параметара&nbsp; од&nbsp; обичних&nbsp; момената.&nbsp; У досадашњим&nbsp; радовима,&nbsp; који&nbsp; су&nbsp; анализирали хидролошке&nbsp; суше&nbsp; методом&nbsp; парцијалних серија,&nbsp; функција&nbsp; расподеле&nbsp; се&nbsp; унапред одабирала,&nbsp; а&nbsp; не&nbsp; на&nbsp; основу&nbsp; тестова сагласности&nbsp; и&nbsp; провере&nbsp; графика&nbsp; вероватноће,као&nbsp; што&nbsp; је&nbsp; урађено&nbsp; у&nbsp; овој&nbsp; дисертацији.&nbsp; За проверу&nbsp; сагласности&nbsp; годишњег&nbsp; максимума дефицита&nbsp; и&nbsp; трајања&nbsp; коришћени&nbsp; су&nbsp; тестови Колмогоров-Смирнов&nbsp; и&nbsp; Крамер&ndash;Мизес,&nbsp; на основу&nbsp; којих&nbsp; су&nbsp; изабране&nbsp; меродавне расподеле&nbsp; за&nbsp; прорачун&nbsp; суша&nbsp; различитих повратних&nbsp; периода&nbsp; на&nbsp; станицама,&nbsp; и&nbsp; обрнуто.С&nbsp; помоћу L-момент&nbsp; дијаграма(LC _s/LC_k )утврђена&nbsp; је&nbsp; хомогеност&nbsp; региона,&nbsp; у&nbsp; овом случају&nbsp; целог&nbsp; слива&nbsp; Велике&nbsp; Мораве,&nbsp; као&nbsp; и изабрана&nbsp; регионална&nbsp; расподела(P+W)&nbsp; за дефиците&nbsp; и&nbsp; трајање&nbsp; суше,&nbsp; на&nbsp; основу&nbsp; које&nbsp; су израчунати&nbsp; безразмерни&nbsp; квантили,&nbsp; који&nbsp; се могу&nbsp; користити&nbsp; за&nbsp; оцену&nbsp; суша великих повратних&nbsp; периода&nbsp; на&nbsp; хидролошки неизученим сливовима.</p> / <p>Hidrološke&nbsp; suše&nbsp; su&nbsp; složena&nbsp; pojava&nbsp; kako&nbsp; u pogledu&nbsp; faktora&nbsp; koji&nbsp; je&nbsp;&nbsp; izazivaju,&nbsp; tako&nbsp; i&nbsp; u pogledu&nbsp; njenog&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; na&nbsp; ekosistem&nbsp; i društvo.&nbsp; U&nbsp; disertaciji&nbsp; je&nbsp; prikazana prednost&nbsp; analize&nbsp; malih voda,&nbsp; odnosno hidroloških&nbsp; suša&nbsp; sa&nbsp; dve&nbsp; promenljive (deficit&nbsp; i&nbsp; trajanje),&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; uobičajenu analizu&nbsp; sa&nbsp; jednom&nbsp; vrednošću(najčešće minimalni&nbsp; godišnji&nbsp; proticaj).&nbsp; Rezultati dobijeni&nbsp; statističkom&nbsp; analizom&nbsp; suša,&nbsp; koje su&nbsp; izdvojene&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; praga&nbsp; nedvosmisleno su&nbsp; pokazali&nbsp; da&nbsp; imaju veću&nbsp; primenljivost&nbsp; u vodoprivredi&nbsp; nego&nbsp; metode&nbsp; koje&nbsp; koriste standardizovane&nbsp; indekse,&nbsp; jer&nbsp; daju&nbsp; konkretne vrednosti&nbsp; nedostajućih&nbsp; količina vode (zapremine&nbsp; deficita&nbsp; suša)&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na relativne&nbsp; vrednosti&nbsp; standardizovanih indeksa.&nbsp; Metoda&nbsp; praga&nbsp; je&nbsp; primenjena&nbsp; na39 stanica&nbsp; u&nbsp; slivu&nbsp; Velike&nbsp; Morave&nbsp; za&nbsp; period 1960-2014,&nbsp; što&nbsp; do&nbsp; sad&nbsp; predstavlja&nbsp; najveći uzorak&nbsp; na&nbsp; kojem&nbsp; je&nbsp; primenjivana&nbsp; u&nbsp; Srbiji, bilo&nbsp; da&nbsp; se&nbsp; radi&nbsp; o&nbsp; analizi&nbsp; malih&nbsp; ili elikih&nbsp; voda.&nbsp; Kao&nbsp; prag&nbsp; za&nbsp; izdvajanje&nbsp; suša uzeta&nbsp; je vrednost Q₉₀ ,&nbsp; jer&nbsp; je&nbsp; cilj&nbsp; bio&nbsp; analiza prostornih&nbsp; i vremenskih&nbsp; karakteristika ekstremnih(velikih)&nbsp; suša&nbsp; u&nbsp; slivu&nbsp; Velike Morave.&nbsp; Izbor&nbsp; praga&nbsp; uticao&nbsp; je&nbsp; i&nbsp; na&nbsp; izbor metode&nbsp; parcijalnih&nbsp; serija&nbsp; za&nbsp; statističku analizu karakteristika suša. Za određivanje parametra&nbsp; teorijskih&nbsp; raspodela&nbsp; korišćeni su L-momenti&nbsp; koji&nbsp; daju&nbsp; pouzdanije&nbsp; ocene parametara&nbsp; od&nbsp; običnih&nbsp; momenata.&nbsp; U dosadašnjim&nbsp; radovima,&nbsp; koji&nbsp; su&nbsp; analizirali hidrološke&nbsp; suše&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; parcijalnih serija,&nbsp; funkcija&nbsp; raspodele&nbsp; se&nbsp; unapred odabirala,&nbsp; a&nbsp; ne&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; testova saglasnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; provere&nbsp; grafika&nbsp; verovatnoće,kao&nbsp; što&nbsp; je&nbsp; urađeno&nbsp; u&nbsp; ovoj&nbsp; disertaciji.&nbsp; Za proveru&nbsp; saglasnosti&nbsp; godišnjeg&nbsp; maksimuma deficita&nbsp; i&nbsp; trajanja&nbsp; korišćeni&nbsp; su&nbsp; testovi Kolmogorov-Smirnov&nbsp; i&nbsp; Kramer&ndash;Mizes,&nbsp; na osnovu&nbsp; kojih&nbsp; su&nbsp; izabrane&nbsp; merodavne raspodele&nbsp; za&nbsp; proračun&nbsp; suša&nbsp; različitih povratnih&nbsp; perioda&nbsp; na&nbsp; stanicama,&nbsp; i&nbsp; obrnuto.S&nbsp; pomoću L-moment&nbsp; dijagrama(LC _s/LC_k )utvrđena&nbsp; je&nbsp; homogenost&nbsp; regiona,&nbsp; u&nbsp; ovom slučaju&nbsp; celog&nbsp; sliva&nbsp; Velike&nbsp; Morave,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i izabrana&nbsp; regionalna&nbsp; raspodela(P+W)&nbsp; za deficite&nbsp; i&nbsp; trajanje&nbsp; suše,&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; koje&nbsp; su izračunati&nbsp; bezrazmerni&nbsp; kvantili,&nbsp; koji&nbsp; se mogu&nbsp; koristiti&nbsp; za&nbsp; ocenu&nbsp; suša velikih povratnih&nbsp; perioda&nbsp; na&nbsp; hidrološki neizučenim slivovima.</p> / <p>Hydrological droughts are a complex phenomenon both in terms of the factors that cause it, and in terms of its impact on ecosystems and society. The dissertation shows the advantage of low water analysis, i.e. hydrological drought with two variables (deficit and duration), compared to the usual analysis of a single value (a minimum annual flow). The results obtained by statistical analysis of drought, which are separated by the threshold method clearly demonstrated to have greater applicability in water management than methods that used standardized indices, because they give concrete value of missing quantities of water (drought deficit volume) with respect to relative values of standardized index. Threshold method was&nbsp; applied to 39 stations in the Morava River Basin for the period 1960-2014, which so far represents the largest sample on which it was applied in Serbia, whether it is on the analysis of low or high water. The value of Q₉₀ was selected as a threshold for separating the drought, because the goal was to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme (large) droughts in the basin of Velika Morava. Selected threshold affected the choice of partial duration series method for statistical analysis of the drought characteristics. L-moments were used to determine the parameters of&nbsp; theoretical distributions because they give more reliable estimates of the parameters&nbsp; than ordinarymoments. In previous papers, which analyzed the hydrological drought&nbsp; by partial duration series, distribution function was chosen in advance, and not on the results of goodness-of-fit tests and visual validation of frequency curve on probability paper, as it was done in this thesis. To check the goodness-of-fit tests of annual maximum deficit and duration tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramer &ndash;Mises were used, and based on their results representative distribution was chosen for&nbsp;&nbsp; calculation of different return periods of droughts on the stations, and vice versa. The homogeneity of the region was determined by L-moment diagrams (LC s/LC k ), and in this case it was the whole basin of the Velika Morava. L-moments were used for selection of regional distribution (P+W) for the drought duration and deficits, based on which dimensionless quantiles were calculated, which can be used for&nbsp;&nbsp; аеssessment of droughts of great return periods in the hydrological ungauged catchments.</p>

Negli ultimi anni, la gestione illegale dei rifiuti ha attirato l’attenzione pubblica e dell’accademia. A causa delle sue conseguenze negative non solo per l’ambiente, ma anche per la salute pubblica e la crescita economica, gli esperti hanno cominciato ad esplorare le dinamiche del fenomeno e le possibilità di prevenzione. Alcuni studi hanno evidenziato l’esistenza di diversi fattori che possono determinare la gestione illegale dei rifiuti, ma pochi di essi hanno empiricamente testato la validità dei fattori stessi. Di conseguenza, si avverte la necessità di produrre nuova conoscenza sull’argomento. Il presente studio consiste in un’analisi esplorativa di fattori socio-economici, fattori di policy e di performance, e fattori criminali che influenzano la gestione illegale dei rifiuti in Italia. Dopo aver identificato le determinanti considerate rilevanti dalla letteratura, l’obiettivo è quello di testarle empiricamente. Per prima cosa, grazie all’unicità di un dataset creato sul contesto italiano, nello studio si indaga quantitativamente l’effetto di diversi fattori sul fenomeno attraverso un’analisi econometrica. Successivamente, lo studio prosegue con un’analisi “crime script” al fine di esplorare quali fattori suggeriti dalla letteratura e testati nella parte quantitativa emergono anche da casi studio e come effettivamente intervengono nel ciclo dei rifiuti italiano. I risultati indicano che la gestione illegale dei rifiuti è determinata da: i) uno scarso sviluppo economico e demografico, un alto livello d’istruzione nel territorio, la presenza di turisti; ii) l'inefficienza della normativa ambientale, delle forze dell’ordine e delle prestazioni sui rifiuti; iii) la presenza di criminalità organizzata e la diffusione di crimini economici e fiscali. Prendendo spunto da questi risultati, lo studio non solo aumenta la conoscenza sul fenomeno, ma è anche in grado di avanzare alcuni suggerimenti di policy per contrastare efficacemente le condotte illegali legate alla gestione dei rifiuti. / In the last several decades, illegal waste management (IWM) has attracted great academic and public attention. Due to its negative consequences not only for the environment, but also for public health and economic growth, scholars started to be interested in the dynamics of IWM and in how to prevent it. Some studies stressed the existence of different factors that can determine the phenomenon, but very few of them have empirically tested their validity. Consequently, developing new research on the topic is still necessary. The present study conducts an explorative analysis of the socio-economic, policy and performance-driven and criminal factors influencing IWM in Italy. After the identification of the most relevant determinants according to the literature, the objective is to empirically test them. First, thanks to a unique dataset focused on the Italian context, the study quantitatively investigates the effect of different factors on the phenomenon through an econometric analysis. Second, the study realises a crime script analysis to explore which factors suggested by the literature and tested in the quantitative part emerge also in concrete case studies and how they effectively intervene in the Italian waste cycle. Results indicate that IWM is determined by: i) a low level of economic development and population density, a high level of education and tourists’ presence; ii) inefficiency in environmental regulation, enforcement and waste performances; iii) the presence of organised crime and the diffusion of economic and fiscal crimes. According to these findings, the study not only deepens the knowledge of the phenomenon, but it is also able to provide some policy suggestions to efficiently hinder illegal conducts related to waste management.