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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

AvaliaÃÃo de Diferentes EstratÃgias de RemoÃÃo de Btex em CondiÃÃes AnaerÃbias / Evaluation of Different Strategies for Removal of BTEX in Anaerobic Conditions

Raquel Studart de Farias 18 March 2013 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Os compostos benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e os xilenos (BTEX) sÃo os hidrocarbonetos monoaromÃticos que agregam maior risco ao meio ambiente, principalmente devido Ãs caracterÃsticas tÃxicas e carcinogÃnicas. Dentre os mÃtodos usualmente aplicados na remoÃÃo de BTEX em Ãguas contaminadas, o tratamento anaerÃbio tem merecido destaque principalmente em relaÃÃo aos baixos custos. Nesse sentido, buscou-se avaliar diferentes estratÃgias de remoÃÃo de BTEX em condiÃÃes anaerÃbias. Foram realizados ensaios em fluxo contÃnuo em trÃs biorreatores anaerÃbios que foram alimentados com soluÃÃo sintÃtica de BTEX (~ 3 mg.L-1 de cada composto) solubilizados em etanol e operados a 27ÂC. As concentraÃÃes dos BTEX foram determinadas por cromatografia. No biorreator metanogÃnico foram analisadas as seguintes influÃncias: 1) do tempo de detenÃÃo hidrÃulico (TDH) (48 h, 36 h e 24 h); 2) da carga orgÃnica volumÃtrica; 3) da recirculaÃÃo do efluente; 4) e do sistema microaerÃbio. O reator sulfetogÃnico foi operado com um TDH de 48 h e foram testados diferentes razÃes DQO/SO4-2 de aproximadamente 12, 5, 2,5 e estequiomÃtrica- com diferentes cargas orgÃnicas. O reator desnitrificante foi operado tambÃm com um TDH de 48 h nas razÃes DQO/NO3- de aproximadamente 12 e 5. Os reatores avaliados mostraram-se bastante estÃveis durante todas as fases do experimento. Com relaÃÃo à remoÃÃo de BTEX, de uma forma geral, as menores eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo foram encontradas para o benzeno, independente do tipo de aceptor final de elÃtrons, indicando a difÃcil biodegradaÃÃo desse composto sob condiÃÃes anaerÃbias, enquanto que as maiores eficiÃncias foram observadas para os xilenos e o tolueno, chegando a remoÃÃes de atà 90%. Tais valores levam em conta possÃveis interferÃncias de adsorÃÃo e de volatilizaÃÃo. TambÃm foi notado que deve haver uma sinergia entre os distintos compostos, podendo esta exercer um forte efeito sobre as eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo dos BTEX. Comparando-se os trÃs reatores, notou-se que nÃo houve melhora significativa nas eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo dos compostos na presenÃa de nitrato ou sulfato. O reator biolÃgico metanogÃnico forneceu elevadas eficiÃncias na remoÃÃo de DQO, superiores a 80% em mÃdia, para as fases que as concentraÃÃes de substrato estavam altas, produzindo biogÃs (predominantemente na forma de gÃs metano), nÃo acumulando Ãcidos graxos volÃteis, e com alcalinidade suficiente para tamponar o meio em pH neutro. A fase que obteve os melhores resultados de remoÃÃo de BTEX (cerca de 94%) foi a que tinha um sistema microaerÃbio adicionado ao reator metanogÃnico, com eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo de DQO superiores a 85%. / The compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) are monoaromatic hydrocarbons compounds which represent a high risk for the environment, mainly due to their toxic and carcinogenic characteristics. Among the methods usually applied for the removal of BTEX from contaminated waters, anaerobic treatment has drawn attention especially because of its low cost. Accordingly, anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX was assessed under methanogenic, denitrifying and sulfidogenic conditions. Assays were performed in three bitstream anaerobic bioreactors that were fed with a synthetic solution of BTEX (~ 3 mg.L-1 of each compound) solubilized in ethanol and operated at 27ÂC. The concentrations of BTEX were determined by chromatography. In methanogenic bioreactor were analyzed the following influences: 1) the The hydraulic retention time (HRT) (48 h, 36 h and 24 h), 2) the shock loading, 3) the effluent recycling , 4) and microaerobic system. The sulfidogenic reactor was operated with a HRT of 48 h with different DQO/SO4-2 ratios of approximately 12, 5, 2.5, and stoichiometric with different organic fillers. The denitrifying reactor was also operated with a HRT of 48 h in the rations DQO/NO3-1 of approximately 12 and 5. The reactors evaluated were quite stable during all phases of the experiment. About BTEX removal, in general, benzene showed the lower removal efficiencies, regardless of the electron acceptor, indicating the difficulty of biodegradation of this compound under anaerobic conditions. The highest removal efficiencies were observed for toluene and xylenes, reaching up to 90% removal. These values take into account possible interferences of adsorption and volatilization. It was also noted that there should be a synergy between the different compounds that could have a strong effect on the removal efficiencies of BTEX. Comparing the three reactors, it was noted that there was significant improvement in the removal efficiency of the compounds in the presence of nitrate or sulfate. The methanogenic reactor showed high COD removal efficiencies higher than 80% on average for the phases with a high substrate concentration, producing biogas (mainly in the form of methane) not accumulating volatile fatty acids, and with enough alkalinity to buffer the medium at neutral pH. The phase that achieved the best results BTEX removal (about 94%) was the one that had a microaerobic system added to methanogenic reactor, with COD removal efficiencies exceeding 85%.
2

RemoÃÃo de BTEX em Biorreatores AnaerÃbios sob CondiÃÃes MetanogÃnicas, Desnitrificantes e SulfetogÃnicas. / Removal of BTEX in Anaerobic Bioreactors under methanogenic conditions, denitrifying and sulfidogenic.

PatrÃcia Marques Carneiro 25 January 2012 (has links)
FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Os BTEX sÃo os hidrocarbonetos monoaromÃticos que agregam maior risco ao meio ambiente, principalmente devido Ãs caracterÃsticas tÃxicas e carcinogÃnicas. Dentre os mÃtodos usualmente aplicados na remoÃÃo de BTEX em Ãguas contaminadas, o tratamento anaerÃbio tem merecido destaque principalmente em relaÃÃo aos baixos custos. Nesse sentido, buscou-se avaliar a remoÃÃo anaerÃbia de BTEX sob condiÃÃes metanogÃnicas, desnitrificantes e sulfetogÃnicas. Adicionalmente, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia analÃtica de detecÃÃo dos BTEX por cromatografia gasosa, utilizando-se a tÃcnica do headspace. Foram realizados ensaios em fluxo contÃnuo em trÃs biorreatores anaerÃbios em trÃs fases complementares e subsequentes: 1) aclimataÃÃo, com etanol como Ãnica fonte de carbono e energia; 2) metanogÃnica, na presenÃa de etanol e BTEX; e 3) mesmas condiÃÃes da fase anterior, mas com dois reatores sendo suplementados com os aceptores nitrato e sulfato, respectivamente, numa razÃo DQO/aceptor de aproximadamente 11. Preliminarmente, avaliou-se a atividade metanogÃnica especÃfica (AME) do consÃrcio microbiano utilizando trÃs substratos distintos (glicose, Ãcido acÃtico, e mistura de Ãcidos graxos volÃteis), por meio do qual o volume produzido de biogÃs e sua composiÃÃo em termos de metano e gÃs carbÃnico foram determinados, respectivamente, pelo mÃtodo manomÃtrico e por cromatografia gasosa. Na segunda fase do experimento em fluxo contÃnuo, os reatores foram alimentados com soluÃÃo sintÃtica de BTEX (~ 5 mg/L de cada composto) solubilizados em etanol, e operados com um TDH de 48 h, a 27ÂC. As concentraÃÃes dos BTEX foram determinadas por metodologia desenvolvida e validada neste estudo, por meio da qual os BTEX eram extraÃdos por headspace (tÃcnica que foi otimizada utilizando delineamento composto central rotacional), e analisados por cromatografia. Ressalte-se que o mÃtodo analÃtico proposto para a determinaÃÃo de BTEX mostrou-se bastante seletivo, preciso, linear e com baixos valores de limite de detecÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo, 0,13 a 0,48 μg/L e 0,43 a 1,61 μg/L, respectivamente. A glicose foi o melhor substrato para o consÃrcio microbiano utilizado, sendo obtido um valor de AME de 0,63 gDQO/gSSV.d. Os reatores avaliados mostraram-se bastante estÃveis durante todas as fases do experimento, com elevadas remoÃÃes de DQO (em mÃdia 90%). Com relaÃÃo à remoÃÃo de BTEX, de uma forma geral, as menores eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo foram encontradas para o benzeno (40-63%), independente do tipo de aceptor final de elÃtrons, indicando a difÃcil biodegradaÃÃo desse composto sob condiÃÃes anaerÃbias, enquanto que as maiores eficiÃncias foram observadas para os xilenos, chegando a remoÃÃes de atà 90%. Tais valores levam em conta possÃveis interferÃncias de adsorÃÃo e de volatilizaÃÃo. TambÃm foi notado que deve haver uma sinergia entre os distintos compostos e esta pode exercer um forte efeito sobre as eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo dos BTEX. Comparando-se os trÃs reatores, notou-se que nÃo houve melhora significativa nas eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo dos compostos na presenÃa de nitrato ou sulfato, mas sim uma tendÃncia de aumento na eficiÃncia entre os reatores na ordem: reator metanogÃnico>Reator desnitrificante>Reator sulfetogÃnico. Tal desempenho pode ser atribuÃdo ao fato de os microrganismos sulfetogÃnicos e desnitrificantes terem preferido oxidar o etanol e nÃo os BTEX para a reduÃÃo dos aceptores, diminuindo assim as eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo de BTEX nessas condiÃÃes. / BTEX are monoaromatic hydrocarbons compounds which represent a high risk to the environment, mainly due to their toxic and carcinogenic characteristics. Among the methods usually applied to the removal of BTEX from contaminated waters, anaerobic treatment has drawn attention especially because of its low cost. Accordingly, anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX was assessed under methanogenic, denitrifying and sulfidogenic conditions. Additionally, an analytical method for detection of BTEX by gas chromatography using the technique of headspace was developed. Continuous-flow experiments were conducted using three anaerobic bioreactors in three subsequent complementary phases: 1) adaptation, with ethanol as the sole source of carbon and energy, 2) methanogenic, in presence of ethanol and BTEX, and 3) the same conditions as the previous phase but with two reactors supplemented with nitrate and sulfate acceptors, respectively, at a COD/acceptor ratio of approximately 11. Preliminarily, the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of the microbial consortium was assessed using three different substrates (glucose, acetic acid and a mixture of volatile fatty acids), in which the volume of biogas produced and its composition in terms of methane and carbon dioxide were determined, respectively, by manometric method and gas chromatography. In the second phase of the continuous-flow experiment, the reactors were fed with a synthetic solution of BTEX (~ 5 mg/L of each compound) dissolved in ethanol and were operated at an HRT of 48 h at an average temperature of 27 ÂC. Concentrations of BTEX compounds were determined by the methodology developed and validated in this study, by which the BTEX were extracted by headspace (technique optimized by central composite rotational design) and analyzed by chromatography. The proposed analytical method for the determination of BTEX was very selective, precise, linear and presented low detection limit and quantification values, from 0.13 to 0.48 μg/L and from 0.43 to 1.61 μg/L, respectively. Glucose was the best substrate for the microbial consortium used, and a SMA value of 0.63 g COD/g SSVÂd was obtained. The reactors evaluated were quite stable during all phases of the experiment with high COD removals (90% on average). Regarding BTEX removal, in general, the lowest removal efficiencies were found for benzene (40-63%), regardless of the final electron acceptor used, indicating that the biodegradation of this compound is difficult under anaerobic conditions, whereas the highest efficiencies were observed for xylenes, reaching a 90% removal. These numbers already took into account the possible interference of adsorption and volatilization. It was also noted that there should be a synergy between the different compounds and this may exert a strong effect on the BTEX removal efficiencies. Comparing the three reactors studied, it was not observed a significant improvement in the removal efficiencies of the compounds in the presence of nitrate or sulfate, but a tendency of an increase in efficiency between the reactors was verified as follows: methanogenic reactor > denitrifying reactor > sulfidogenic reactor. This performance can be attributed to the fact that the denitrifying and sulfidogenic microorganisms have preferred to oxidize ethanol instead of BTEX to reduce the acceptors, thus decreasing BTEX removal efficiencies under these conditions.

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