Centrado no carcinoma colorretal, o presente trabalho visou: 1) Estudar a distribuição das principais variáveis anatomopatológicas, pesquisando sua associação com metástase linfonodal ou hepática. 2) Com base nas eventuais associações encontradas, selecionar um conjunto de variáveis que, estudadas no tumor primário, possam predizer a presença de metástase nodal ou hepática. 3) Analisar os perfis de imunoexpressão de alguns marcadores potencialmente relacionados à citoarquitetura (queratina 7 e 20) e ao crescimento tumoral (proliferação através do Ag Ki-67 e apoptose através da queratina 18 clivada) em amostras de mucosa normal, adenocarcinoma primário, metástase linfonodal e metástase hepática, explorando suas eventuais relações com as variáveis histopatológicas e o estadio da lesão. 4) Pesquisar possíveis associações entre a expressão dos transportadores de monocarboxilato 1, 2 e 4, moléculas reguladoras do pH intracelular, e os marcadores acima relacionados e as variáveis anatomopatológicas. A casuística foi constituída por 139 adenocarcinomas colorretais, sendo 96 sem metástase hepática e 39 com metástase hepática. Os casos foram revistos e 13 variáveis anatomopatológicas foram selecionadas para fazer parte do estudo. Foram confecionados manualmente blocos de microarranjos teciduais (TMA) de mucosa normal, tumor primário, metástase linfonodal e metástase hepática, cujos cortes foram submetidos a estudo imuno-histoquímico utilizando anticorpos anti queratina 7 (K7), queratina 20 (K20), Ki-67 e queratina 18 clivada. Em 126 blocos de parafina de tumores, e 86 amostras de mucosa normal correspondentes foram submetidos a estudo imuno-histoquímico utilizando anticopos anti transportadores de monocarboxilato 1, 2 e 4 (MCT1, MCT2 e MCT 4). A presença de metástase linfonodal asociou-se estatisticamente com a presença de infiltração tumoral além da camada muscular própria (T3 ou T4) (p<0,001), presença de desmoplasia tumoral moderada / intensa (p=0,043), presença de infiltração de vasos linfáticos (p<0,001), presença de infiltração venosa (p<0,001) e presença de infiltração tumoral perineural (p<0,001). A presença de metástase hepática teve associação estatisticamente significativa com a presença de infiltração tumoral além da camada muscular própria (p = 0,004) e com a presença de bordas tumorais infiltrativas ( p=0,05). As amostras de mucosa colorretal normal apresentaram baixa freqüência de positividade para a queratina 7, o mesmo ocorrendo com os adenocarcinomas primários e as metástases linfonodais. Detectamos, entretanto, diferença estatística significante entre a maior imunoexpressão da K7 nas metástases hepáticas quando comparadas aos adenocarcinomas primários (p<0,001) e às metástases linfonodais (p=0,015). Conforme esperado a queratina 20 mostrou-se presente na quase totalidade das amostras de mucosa colorretal normal e em mais de 90% das amostras dos vários tipos de lesão aqui estudadas. A taxa de proliferação nos adenocarcinomas primários foi significantemente superior à da observada na mucosa normal (p<0,001). Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre as taxas proliferativas das amostras neoplásicas. O índice de células em apoptose foi estatisticamente significante mais elevado nos adenocarcinomas primários que na mucosa normal (p<0,001), assim como foi mais elevado nas metástases hepáticas em relação aos adenocarcinomas primários (p=0,022). Tumores maiores que 5 cm apresentaram índices apoptóticos mais elevados que aqueles menores que 5 cm (p=0,005). As expressões citoplasmática e membranosa dos MCT1 e 4 foram mais frequentes nos adenocarcinomas que nas mucosas normais (p<0,001). A expressão membranosa do MCT1 associou-se à presença de infiltração linfática (p=0,004) , infiltração sangüínea (p=0,018) e à presença de índices apoptóticos mais elevados. Em conclusão, dentre as variáveis histológicas, infiltração linfática tumoral e infiltração de vasos sangüíneos foram fatores de risco independentes para metástase linfonodal e infiltração tumoral além da muscular própria e a presença de bordas tumorais infiltrativas foram fatores de risco independentes para metástase hepática nas análises multivariadas. A queratina 7 foi mais frequentemente expressa nas metástases hepáticas que nas metástases linfonodais e adenocarcinomas primários, indicando que a aquisição da expressão da queratina 7 pode ser uma alteração tardia do citoesqueleto associada a maior agressividade do tumor. A proliferação celular marcada pelo Ag Ki-67 assim como a apoptose, marcada pela queratina 18 clivada mostraram significativo incremento do normal para o adenocarcinoma primário e suas respectivas metástases. Os MCTs foram mais expressos nos adenocarcinomas que nas mucosas normais, sugerindo possível interferência de seu papel no controle do pH intracelular nestas neoplasias / The aims of this study in colorectal carcinoma were: 1) Verify the distribution of the most important anatomopathological variables, and identifying their relationship with lymph node or liver metastasis. 2) Considering the associations obtained in the first aim, a group of variables was selected to verify the prediction of lymph node or liver metastasis. 3) Analyze the immunoprofile of both markers associated with cytoarchitecture (keratins 7 and 20) and with tumor growth (proliferation and apoptosis using Ki-67 and cleaved keratin 18, respectively) in samples of nontumoral mucosa, primary adenocarcinoma, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis, exploring the eventual relation with anatomopathological variables and tumor stage. 4) Look for possible associations between molecules related to intracellular pH control, as monocarboxylates transporters 1, 2 and 4, and the markers above mentioned and anatomopathological variables. One hundred and thirty nine colorectal carcinomas is the universe of the casuistic, 96 of them without liver metastasis and 39 metastatic to the liver was studied. Thirteen anatomopathological variables were selected and semi-quantified. We mannualy builted tissue microarrays (TMAs) of non tumoral mucosa, primary adenocarcinoma, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis. The histological sections from the TMAs were submmitted to immunohistochemical study using antibodies against keratin 7 (K7), keratin 20 (K20), Ag Ki-67 and cleaved keratin 18. In 126 tumor paraffin blocks, 86 of which also had non tumoral mucosa were submitted to immunohistochemical stain using antibodies against monocarboxylate transportes 1, 2 and 4 (MCT1, MCT2 e MCT 4). Lymph node metastasis was associated with tumor infiltration across muscularis propria(p<0,001), moderate / intense desmoplasia(p=0,043), lymph vessel infiltration(p<0,001), venous infiltration (p<0,001) and perineural infiltration (p<0,001). Liver metastasis was statistically associated with tumor infiltration across muscularis propria and infiltrative tumor borders ( p=0,05). Few colorectal mucosa samples, as well as primary tumor and lymph node metastasis showed immunoexpression of K7, although we found statistically significant higher immunoexpression of K7 in liver metastasis as compared with primary carcinomas (p<0,001) and with lymph node metastasis (p=0,015). As expected, K20 was expressed in more than 90% of the samples examined. Higher Ki-67 rates were found in adenocarcinoma compared with normal mucosa (p<0,001). We did not find statistical differences of proliferation rates between neoplastic samples. Apoptotic index were higher in primary adenocarcinomas than in normal mucosa ( p<0,001), and was also higher in liver metastasis than in primary adenocarcinoma (p=0,022). We also found higher apoptotic index in tumors that measured more than 5 cm (p=0,005). Membranous and cytoplasmic expression of MCTs 1 and 4 were found more frequently expressed in adenocarcinoma than in non neoplastic mucosa (p<0,001). Membranous MCT1 expression was associated with lymph vessel infiltration (p=0,004), venous infiltration (p=0,018) and with higher apoptotic index. Lymphatic vessel infiltration and venous vessel infiltration were found as independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis. Tumor infiltration across muscularis propria and infiltrative tumor borders were also independent risk factor for liver metastasis by multivariate analysis. Keratin 7 were more frequently expressed in liver metastasis samples than in lymph node metastasis and primary adenocarcinomas, indicating that the acquisition of K7 expression could be a late cytoskeleton alteration associated with higher tumor aggressiveness. Proliferation rates as well as higher frequency of apoptosis, showed increased expression from normal mucosa to primary adenocarcinoma and its respective metastasis. Finally, monocarboxylate transporters were higher expressed in adenocarcinoma samples than in normal mucosa samples indicating a probable role in the intracellular pH in colorectal neoplasia

Centrado no carcinoma colorretal, o presente trabalho visou: 1) Estudar a distribuição das principais variáveis anatomopatológicas, pesquisando sua associação com metástase linfonodal ou hepática. 2) Com base nas eventuais associações encontradas, selecionar um conjunto de variáveis que, estudadas no tumor primário, possam predizer a presença de metástase nodal ou hepática. 3) Analisar os perfis de imunoexpressão de alguns marcadores potencialmente relacionados à citoarquitetura (queratina 7 e 20) e ao crescimento tumoral (proliferação através do Ag Ki-67 e apoptose através da queratina 18 clivada) em amostras de mucosa normal, adenocarcinoma primário, metástase linfonodal e metástase hepática, explorando suas eventuais relações com as variáveis histopatológicas e o estadio da lesão. 4) Pesquisar possíveis associações entre a expressão dos transportadores de monocarboxilato 1, 2 e 4, moléculas reguladoras do pH intracelular, e os marcadores acima relacionados e as variáveis anatomopatológicas. A casuística foi constituída por 139 adenocarcinomas colorretais, sendo 96 sem metástase hepática e 39 com metástase hepática. Os casos foram revistos e 13 variáveis anatomopatológicas foram selecionadas para fazer parte do estudo. Foram confecionados manualmente blocos de microarranjos teciduais (TMA) de mucosa normal, tumor primário, metástase linfonodal e metástase hepática, cujos cortes foram submetidos a estudo imuno-histoquímico utilizando anticorpos anti queratina 7 (K7), queratina 20 (K20), Ki-67 e queratina 18 clivada. Em 126 blocos de parafina de tumores, e 86 amostras de mucosa normal correspondentes foram submetidos a estudo imuno-histoquímico utilizando anticopos anti transportadores de monocarboxilato 1, 2 e 4 (MCT1, MCT2 e MCT 4). A presença de metástase linfonodal asociou-se estatisticamente com a presença de infiltração tumoral além da camada muscular própria (T3 ou T4) (p<0,001), presença de desmoplasia tumoral moderada / intensa (p=0,043), presença de infiltração de vasos linfáticos (p<0,001), presença de infiltração venosa (p<0,001) e presença de infiltração tumoral perineural (p<0,001). A presença de metástase hepática teve associação estatisticamente significativa com a presença de infiltração tumoral além da camada muscular própria (p = 0,004) e com a presença de bordas tumorais infiltrativas ( p=0,05). As amostras de mucosa colorretal normal apresentaram baixa freqüência de positividade para a queratina 7, o mesmo ocorrendo com os adenocarcinomas primários e as metástases linfonodais. Detectamos, entretanto, diferença estatística significante entre a maior imunoexpressão da K7 nas metástases hepáticas quando comparadas aos adenocarcinomas primários (p<0,001) e às metástases linfonodais (p=0,015). Conforme esperado a queratina 20 mostrou-se presente na quase totalidade das amostras de mucosa colorretal normal e em mais de 90% das amostras dos vários tipos de lesão aqui estudadas. A taxa de proliferação nos adenocarcinomas primários foi significantemente superior à da observada na mucosa normal (p<0,001). Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre as taxas proliferativas das amostras neoplásicas. O índice de células em apoptose foi estatisticamente significante mais elevado nos adenocarcinomas primários que na mucosa normal (p<0,001), assim como foi mais elevado nas metástases hepáticas em relação aos adenocarcinomas primários (p=0,022). Tumores maiores que 5 cm apresentaram índices apoptóticos mais elevados que aqueles menores que 5 cm (p=0,005). As expressões citoplasmática e membranosa dos MCT1 e 4 foram mais frequentes nos adenocarcinomas que nas mucosas normais (p<0,001). A expressão membranosa do MCT1 associou-se à presença de infiltração linfática (p=0,004) , infiltração sangüínea (p=0,018) e à presença de índices apoptóticos mais elevados. Em conclusão, dentre as variáveis histológicas, infiltração linfática tumoral e infiltração de vasos sangüíneos foram fatores de risco independentes para metástase linfonodal e infiltração tumoral além da muscular própria e a presença de bordas tumorais infiltrativas foram fatores de risco independentes para metástase hepática nas análises multivariadas. A queratina 7 foi mais frequentemente expressa nas metástases hepáticas que nas metástases linfonodais e adenocarcinomas primários, indicando que a aquisição da expressão da queratina 7 pode ser uma alteração tardia do citoesqueleto associada a maior agressividade do tumor. A proliferação celular marcada pelo Ag Ki-67 assim como a apoptose, marcada pela queratina 18 clivada mostraram significativo incremento do normal para o adenocarcinoma primário e suas respectivas metástases. Os MCTs foram mais expressos nos adenocarcinomas que nas mucosas normais, sugerindo possível interferência de seu papel no controle do pH intracelular nestas neoplasias / The aims of this study in colorectal carcinoma were: 1) Verify the distribution of the most important anatomopathological variables, and identifying their relationship with lymph node or liver metastasis. 2) Considering the associations obtained in the first aim, a group of variables was selected to verify the prediction of lymph node or liver metastasis. 3) Analyze the immunoprofile of both markers associated with cytoarchitecture (keratins 7 and 20) and with tumor growth (proliferation and apoptosis using Ki-67 and cleaved keratin 18, respectively) in samples of nontumoral mucosa, primary adenocarcinoma, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis, exploring the eventual relation with anatomopathological variables and tumor stage. 4) Look for possible associations between molecules related to intracellular pH control, as monocarboxylates transporters 1, 2 and 4, and the markers above mentioned and anatomopathological variables. One hundred and thirty nine colorectal carcinomas is the universe of the casuistic, 96 of them without liver metastasis and 39 metastatic to the liver was studied. Thirteen anatomopathological variables were selected and semi-quantified. We mannualy builted tissue microarrays (TMAs) of non tumoral mucosa, primary adenocarcinoma, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis. The histological sections from the TMAs were submmitted to immunohistochemical study using antibodies against keratin 7 (K7), keratin 20 (K20), Ag Ki-67 and cleaved keratin 18. In 126 tumor paraffin blocks, 86 of which also had non tumoral mucosa were submitted to immunohistochemical stain using antibodies against monocarboxylate transportes 1, 2 and 4 (MCT1, MCT2 e MCT 4). Lymph node metastasis was associated with tumor infiltration across muscularis propria(p<0,001), moderate / intense desmoplasia(p=0,043), lymph vessel infiltration(p<0,001), venous infiltration (p<0,001) and perineural infiltration (p<0,001). Liver metastasis was statistically associated with tumor infiltration across muscularis propria and infiltrative tumor borders ( p=0,05). Few colorectal mucosa samples, as well as primary tumor and lymph node metastasis showed immunoexpression of K7, although we found statistically significant higher immunoexpression of K7 in liver metastasis as compared with primary carcinomas (p<0,001) and with lymph node metastasis (p=0,015). As expected, K20 was expressed in more than 90% of the samples examined. Higher Ki-67 rates were found in adenocarcinoma compared with normal mucosa (p<0,001). We did not find statistical differences of proliferation rates between neoplastic samples. Apoptotic index were higher in primary adenocarcinomas than in normal mucosa ( p<0,001), and was also higher in liver metastasis than in primary adenocarcinoma (p=0,022). We also found higher apoptotic index in tumors that measured more than 5 cm (p=0,005). Membranous and cytoplasmic expression of MCTs 1 and 4 were found more frequently expressed in adenocarcinoma than in non neoplastic mucosa (p<0,001). Membranous MCT1 expression was associated with lymph vessel infiltration (p=0,004), venous infiltration (p=0,018) and with higher apoptotic index. Lymphatic vessel infiltration and venous vessel infiltration were found as independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis. Tumor infiltration across muscularis propria and infiltrative tumor borders were also independent risk factor for liver metastasis by multivariate analysis. Keratin 7 were more frequently expressed in liver metastasis samples than in lymph node metastasis and primary adenocarcinomas, indicating that the acquisition of K7 expression could be a late cytoskeleton alteration associated with higher tumor aggressiveness. Proliferation rates as well as higher frequency of apoptosis, showed increased expression from normal mucosa to primary adenocarcinoma and its respective metastasis. Finally, monocarboxylate transporters were higher expressed in adenocarcinoma samples than in normal mucosa samples indicating a probable role in the intracellular pH in colorectal neoplasia

The objectives of this project were to investigate the critical factors impacting the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of β-chitosan based films derived from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) pens, and to evaluate the feasibility of improving water solubility of β-chitosan through Maillard reaction. The studies examined the effect of molecular weight (1,815 and 366 kDa), acid (formic, acetic, propionic, and lactic acid), and plasticizer (glycerol and sorbitol) on the film properties, as well as reducing sugar (fructose and glucosamine) and heat treatment (high temperature short time (HTST), low temperature long time (LTLT)) on water solubility of chitosan. Results on β-chitosan were compared with α-chitosan in both studies. Tensile strength (TS) and elongation (EL) of β-chitosan films were influenced by molecular weight (Mw), acid and plasticizer types (P < 0.05). High molecular weight (Hw) β-chitosan films had an overall TS of 44 MPa, 53% higher than that of low molecular weight (Lw) β-chitosan films (29 MPa) across all acid types used. The mean TS of β-chitosan acetate and propionate films (43 and 39 MPa) were higher (P < 0.05) than that of β-chitosan formate and lactate films (34 and 29 MPa). Films incorporated with plasticizer (32 MPa) had lower TS than those without plasticizer (48 MPa). Mean EL of Hw β-chitosan films was 10% versus approximately 4% in Lw β-chitosan films. Formate and acetate films had higher EL than that of propionate film. Glycerol and sorbitol increased (P < 0.001) EL 151% and 106% compared with the films without plasticizer, respectively. Water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films was affected by acid and plasticizer. Formate films (34 g mm/m² d KPa) had higher WVP than other acid films. Adding plasticizer increased (11% to 31%) WVP of propionate films except the Lw β-chitosan propionate film with sorbitol. The antibacterial activity of Lw β-chitosan and α-chitosan films delayed (P < 0.05) the proliferation of E. coli, where lactate films showed the strongest effect. The growth of L. innocua at 24 h was completely (P < 0.05) inhibited by chitosan films except Hw β-chitosan acetate film. A soft and cotton-like water soluble chitosan with mesopores was acquired after freeze-drying the Maillard reacted chitosan-sugar solution. The yield of β-chitosan-derivatives (8.48%) was 1.21 times higher than that of α-chitosan products (7.00%) (P < 0.01). Heat treatment only affected the yield of chitosan-glucosamine derivatives. Sugar type did not indicate any impact on the yield of the chitosan-derivative products in general (P > 0.05). The solubility was affected by sugar type (P < 0.01) only occurred in the β-chitosan products prepared with LTLT (P<0.05), where β-chitosan-fructose derivatives (9.56 g/L) had higher solubility than the glucosamine (5.19 g/L).LTLT treatment had given all chitosan-derivatives a higher solubility (8.44 g/L) than HTST (3.83 g/L) did (P<0.001). The results from this study demonstrated the feasibility of creating β-chitosan based film from jumbo squid pens with similar mechanical, water barrier and antibacterial properties compare to α-chitosan films as a food wrap and controlled the properties with several important factors, and developing water soluble chitosan through Maillard reaction that possess the potential as functional substance in a wider range of applications. / Graduation date: 2012