[pt] O bambu é um recurso natural, típico de regiões tropicais e subtropicais, cujas fibras vêm atraindo interesse para reforço de materiais compósitos, pelas suas excelentes propriedades mecânicas. Entretanto, como toda fibra vegetal, as fibras de bambu apresentam alto grau de higroscopicidade, inchando quando da presença de água, limitando seu uso devido à perda de durabilidade. Dessa forma, este trabalho visa estudar melhorias nas propriedades de flexão do bambu através do processo de hornificação por ciclos de molhagem e secagem, tratamento muito utilizado em polpas de madeira ou papel, que leva a reduções na capacidade de absorção e retenção de água das fibras, reduzindo seus poros e tornando sua estrutura mais enrijecida. Para isso foram investigados os efeitos de 3, 5 e 10 ciclos de molhagem e secagem sobre as propriedades físicas e comportamento mecânico (flexão e módulo de elasticidade) do bambu da espécie Moso (Phyllostachys pubescens). Com relação às propriedades físicas foram avaliadas as variações na capacidade de absorção e retenção de água do bambu ao longo dos ciclos, incluindo avaliação das variações dimensionais dos feixes vasculares ao final dos ciclos, realizada por meio de análise e processamento de imagens obtidas por microscópio estereoscópico. Ademais, o comportamento à flexão foi estudado por meio de ensaios de flexão a quatro pontos, avaliando possíveis melhorias na resistência à flexão, deflexão e módulo de elasticidade do bambu após os ciclos de molhagem e secagem, incluindo análise da influência do cisalhamento na flexão. As análises físicas demonstraram que com os ciclos ocorreu redução na capacidade de retenção de água do bambu, além de reduções na área superficial de seus feixes de fibras. Na flexão houve ganho de rigidez após os ciclos, chegando a aumentar em 70 por cento o módulo de elasticidade. / [en] Bamboo is a natural resource, typical of tropical and subtropical regions, whose fibers are attracting interest to reinforce composite materials, due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, like all plant fibers, bamboo fibers present a high degree of hygroscopicity, swelling when water is present, limiting its use due to loss of durability. Thus, this work aims to study improvements in the flexural properties of bamboo through the process of hornification by wetting and drying cycles, a treatment that is widely used in pulps of wood or paper, leading to reductions in the water absorption and retention capacity of the fibers, reducing its pores and making its structure stiffer. The effects of 3, 5 and 10 wetting and drying cycles on the physical properties and mechanical behavior (flexure and modulus of elasticity) of the Moso bamboo species (Phyllostachys pubescens) were investigated. Regarding the physical properties, the variations in the bamboo water absorption and retention capacity were evaluated along the cycles, including evaluation of the dimensional variations of the vascular bundles at the end of the cycles, performed by means of analysis and processing of images obtained by a stereoscopic microscope. In addition, the flexural behavior was studied by means of four-point flexural tests, evaluating possible improvements in flexural strength, deflection and modulus of elasticity of the bamboo after the wetting and drying cycles, including analysis of the influence of shear on flexion. The physical analyzes showed that with the cycles there was a reduction in the water retention capacity of bamboo, as well as reductions in the surface area of its fiber bundles. In flexion, there was a gain of stiffness after the cycles, increasing the modulus of elasticity by 70 per cent.

This study focuses on the hygrothermal performance of Moso bamboo. The knowledge in this aspect is remarkable important for the research of building energy saving and the low carbon building design. However, the detailed hygrothermal properties of Moso bamboo are fairly rare. To obtain these data, a series of experimental works have been done for measurement of density, porosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, water vapour permeability, hygrothermal expansion and sorption isotherm of Moso bamboo. To obtain further understanding on the hygrothermal performance of Moso bamboo, a number of dynamic heat and moisture transfer experiments were conducted. These experiments simulated two extreme outdoor environments and one indoor environment. The temperature and RH responses of Moso bamboo panels were monitored. Then a coupled transient heat and moisture transfer numerical simulation at the material level was conducted to predict and validate the hygrothermal performance of Moso bamboo. A sensitivity study of the hygrothermal properties of bamboo was also presented to indentify the influence of each hygrothermal property of Moso bamboo. Major findings include the following aspects. Both experiment and simulation results appear to be consistent with the results of measurements of the basic hygrothermal parameters. The parametric study found that density can be regarded as the most sensible parameter to influence the temperature simulation results at the transient state, while the thermal conductivity dominated the temperature variation at the steady state. The water vapour diffusion resistance factor can be regarded as the most critical parameter to influence the RH simulation results. The influence of liquid water diffusivity is negligible in this study. The parametric study results indicated that the simulation with moisture is more accurate than the simulation without moisture in both equilibrium and transient state. The results also imply that the existence of moisture could increase the heat capacity and reduce the thermal conductivity. The results of this study recommend that the external part of the bamboo culm wall can be utilised to minimise the RH variation of the panel while the internal part of the bamboo culm wall is suitable to increase the thermal insulation performance of the panel. To avoid hygroexpansion, the implementation of external part of bamboo culm wall needs to be minimised.

La mise en regard de données d'anglais et de deux langues à tons d'Extrême-Orient (naxi et vietnamien) montre un partage des ressources entre spécifications lexicales (oppositions phonémiques, et accentuation) et intonation : les premières fournissent le cadre dans lequel la variation intonative prend son sens. Au plan typologique, chaque langue offrirait à l'énonciateur un certain degré de liberté ; le naxi (4 tons) apparaît plus contraint que l'anglais, et que le vietnamien (qui pourtant possède 6 tons). Les expériences menées (qui comportent une évaluation de la qualité de voix par électroglottographie) paraissent faire ressortir la superposition de plusieurs phénomènes. Elles permettent d'aborder une question soulevée par le courant autosegmental-métrique d'études intonatives : accentuation et intonation concourent-elles à une unique séquence tonale pour l'énoncé (cela dans toutes les langues) ? Il semblerait que ce dernier point de vue ne permette pas de rendre compte des faits rencontrés.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23950号 / 農博第2499号 / 新制||農||1091(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R4||N5385(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 岡田 直紀, 教授 井鷺 裕司, 教授 柴田 昌三 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

"Thèse en cotutelle, Doctorat en anthropologie : Université Laval Québec, Canada, Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) et Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France." / Cette thèse propose une lecture du changement social chez les Na de Chine à partir d’un terrain effectué dans deux villages na pendant onze mois et demi entre 2012 et 2014. L’analyse est structurée autour de la situation touristique qui constitue, en tant que contexte, le fil conducteur pour saisir les transformations de différents domaines du monde social na. Deux niveaux d’analyse se dégagent de l’ensemble, la maisonnée et les personnes. Les maisonnées en tant qu’unité sociale de base de l’organisation sociale déterminent à la fois les relations entre proches et la socialité na ainsi que la reproduction sociale. Les personnes ont permis de mettre en perspective les pratiques et les discours des Na quant à leurs intimités. L’approche comparative constitue une méthodologie permettant de restituer les transformations du point de vue que les Na estiment eux-mêmes comme signifiant. Le tout s’attache à mettre en évidence que de nouvelles valeurs et désirs amenés par la confrontation d’individus, aux univers culturels, politiques et économiques différents, avec l’entreprise touristique ont reconfigurés à la fois les actions économiques des maisonnées et les affects des Na en ce qui concerne leurs relations intimes. Afin de continuer à faire prospérer leurs maisonnées, les Na se sont adaptés à l’économie de marché en remodulant les pratiques d’entraides et d’échanges qui participaient de la socialité na. Si des formes d’indigénisation de l’économique se donnent à voir, la mise en concurrence des maisonnées sur le marché touristique transforme les pratiques même de ces maisonnées. De nouveaux arrangements intimes participent également de ces transformations. Les nouveaux désirs et affects des Na montrent que les sociabilités sexuelles, plutôt que de dépendre d’un ordre social collectif et donc des impératifs et besoins pragmatiques de la maisonnée, sont aujourd’hui pensés en termes de désirs individuels. L’ethnographie menée démontre ainsi que de nouvelles dynamiques sexuelles recomposent la société na, avec pour conséquence une préférence pour la conjugalité, le mariage ou la cohabitation. Cette thèse propose ainsi de saisir la manière dont la situation touristique a recomposé les pratiques et les désirs, na au point de reconfigurer les maisonnées et les relations entre proches par l’apparition de nouvelles stratégies économiques et de nouvelles économies de l’intimité. Nourrie d’une anthropologie dynamique du changement social et d’une perspective anthropologique de l’économie-politique, la thèse propose un canevas d’analyse croisant les maisonnées, les relations entre proche, la sexualité et le tourisme. Mots clefs : Na/Mosuo, organisation sociale, maisonnée, tourisme, sexualité, relations entre proches, Chine. / This thesis proposes an approach to social change among the Na of China. Fieldwork was carried out in two Na villages during eleven and a half months from 2012 to 2014. The analysis is based on the study of the “touristic situation” which constitutes, as context and analysis framework, the guiding thread to capture the transformations of different areas of the social world. Two levels of analysis emerge: the house and personhood. The former as a basic social unit of the social organization determines both relatedness and sociality as well as social reproduction. The latter (personhood) puts in perspective the Na practices and narratives about their intimacies. The comparative approach, here preferred, is a methodology for restoring transformations from the point of view that the Na themselves consider significant. The thesis aims to highlight the new values and desires brought by the confrontation of individuals from different cultural, political and economic universes, against the background of dramatic expansion of the tourism business. It reconfigured both the economic actions of the house and the affects of the Na regarding the intimate relationship. In order to continue to prosper their house, the Na adapted to the market economy by reshaping the practices of mutual help and exchange that took part in the Na sociality. If forms of economics indigenization can be seen, the competition between houses on the tourist market transforms the very economics practices of these houses. New intimate arrangements are also part of these transformations. The new Na desires and affects show that sexual sociabilities, rather than depending on a collective social order and thus on the pragmatic needs and requirements of the house, are today thought of in terms of individual desires. The conducted ethnography thus demonstrates that new sexual dynamics recomposed the Na society, with consequent preference for conjugality, marriage or cohabitation. This thesis proposes to grasp the way in which the tourist situation has recomposed the practices and the desires to the point of reconfiguring the house and relatedness by the emergence of new economic strategies and new intimates’ economies. Through a dynamic anthropology of social change and an anthropological perspective of economics-politics, the thesis proposes an analysis framework that crosses social fields such as the house, relatedness, sexuality and tourism. Key words: Na / Mosuo, social organization, house, tourism, sexuality, relatedness, China.

Abstract in English, Sepedi and Zulu / The people with the greatest stake in Orphan and Vulnerable Children (OVC) interventions are the children and their parents/guardians. Unfortunately, most OVC programmes are predesigned and implemented without considering beneficiaries’ perceptions when developing solutions (ALI 2007:15). The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions of orphans and vulnerable children’s parents/guardians about the effectiveness of Future Families’ children programme in Olievenhoutbosch. This study used a qualitative, explorative and descriptive design. Thirteen parents/guardians of children registered with the Future Families were interviewed on the effectiveness of the Future Families programme using a semi-structure interview guide. The study results suggested that parents/guardians were happy with Future Families’ services and believed the programme is effective in responding to their families’ needs / Abantu abathinteka kakhulu ekungeneleni kokuphathelene nezintandane kanye nabantwana abasengcupheni (ama-OVC) ngabantwana kanye nabazali noma abaqaphi. Ngeshwa, izinhlelo eziningi zama-OVC zenziwe futhi ziqala ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokucabangela imibono yalabo okumele bahlomule kwizisombululo zokuthuthukisa (ALI 2007: 15). Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola nokuchaza imibono yabazali nabaqaphi bama-OVC mayelana nokusebenza kohlelo lwabantwana olunikezwa yiFuture Families e-Olievenhoutbosch. Kwasetshenziswa uhlelo oluhlolayo noluchazayo kulolu cwaningo. Abazali abayishumi nesishiyagalolunye noma abaqaphi babantwana ababhalisiwe kwaFuture Families, okuyinhlangano engenzi nzuzo ehlinzeka izinsizakalo kuma-OVC nakubantu abaneHIV/AIDS noma abahlukumezekayo ngenxa yalokho, babuzwa imibuzo kusetshenziwa umhlahlandela wemibuzo ehlelekile kwezinye izindawo ukuze baveze imibono yabo maqondana nokusebenza ngempumelelo kohlelo lweFuture Families. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo iphakamise ukuthi abazali nabaqaphi bagculisekile ngemisebenzi ehlinzekwa yiFuture Families, futhi bakholwa ukuthi lolu hlelo lusebenza ngempumelelo ukubhekana nezidingo zemindeni yabo. / Batho ba ba nago le setseka se segolo go ditseno ka bogare tša Bana ba Ditšhiwana le bao ba lego Kotsing (OVC) ke bana le batswadi/bahlokomedi ba bona. Ka bomadimabe, mananeo a mantši a OVC a akanyetšwa pele le go phethagatšwa ntle le go tšeela šedi maikutlo a batho ba ba tlago holega ge go naganišišwa ditharollo (ALI 2007:15). Morero wa thuto ye e be e le go hlohlomiša le go hlaloša maikutlo a ditšhiwana le batswadi/bahlokomedi ba bana ba ba lego kotsing mabapi le go šoma gabotse ga lenaneo la bana la Malapa a ka Moso (FF) kua Olievenhoutbosch. Thuto ye e šomišitše moakanyetšo wa khwalitheithifi, wa go hlohlomiša le wa go hlaloša. Batswadi/bahlokomedi ba 13 ba bana ba ba ingwadišitšego le Malapa a ka Moso ba ile ba botšišwa dipotšišo mabapi le go šoma gabotse ga lenaneo la Malapa a ka Moso ka go šomiša mokgwa wa dinyakišišo wa go botšiša dipotšišo. Dipoelo tša thuto di šišintše gore batswadi/bahlokomedi ba be ba thabile ka ditirelo tša FF le go dumela gore lenaneo le šoma gabotse ka go iphetolela go dinyakwa tša malapa a bona. / Health Studies / M.P.H.