Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:28:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bertoloni_gc_me_rcla.pdf: 328870 bytes, checksum: 33ed72f58131fc32dbe5870414c772c1 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O controle concomitante da postura e da mão, baseado em informação visual contida no fluxo ótico, é imprescindível para o sucesso da ação de agarrar um objeto. O presente estudo investigou o efeito das fontes de informação visual global e local sobre a oscilação corporal e controle da mão durante a tarefa de agarrar uma bola em aproximação, em adultos jovens. Doze participantes tiveram que manter a posição em pé durante 18 segundos olhando para a bola fixa numa haste, acoplada a uma sala móvel; a tarefa foi agarrar a bola parada ou em aproximação, enquanto a sala móvel se moveu na mesma direção ou em direção oposta ao movimento da bola, totalizando nove condições experimentais, com cinco tentativas cada. Informações cinemáticas sobre o movimento do tronco, da mão, da sala móvel e da bola foram coletadas e possibilitaram duas análises: (A) para identificar o efeito de agarrar ou não a bola estacionária sobre a postura, e (B) para identificar o efeito da bola estar estacionária ou se aproximando sobre as ações do braço e da postura. A análise A mostrou que os participantes estiveram sintonizados à informação global (sala), com o conflito sensorial sendo apropriadamente resolvido; a informação local (bola) parece ter funcionado como um fator de restrição no controle da postura para que o agarrar fosse realizado com sucesso. A análise B mostrou sintonia dos participantes às informações global e local do ambiente para resolver o respectivo conflito sensorial e promover ajustes e compensações necessárias, priorizando a ação de agarrar a bola. Relevância e papel das fontes de informação local e global são discutidos para a combinação do controle postural e do agarrar. / The simultaneous posture and hand control, based on information in the optic flow field, is essential for the grasp successful. The present paper has investigated the global and local visual information effect on the body balance and postural control during the grasp an approximation ball task, on young adults. Twelve participants have had to maintain the stand up position during 18 seconds looking the ball fixed in the shaft within the moving room. The task has been to grasp a stationary or a closing ball, while the moving room have moved in the same direction or in the opposite direction of ball movement, the total of nine experimental conditions, with five trials each condition. Cinematic information about the trunk’s, hand’s, moving room’s, and ball’s movement has been collected. Two analysis have done: (A) to identify the grasp’s presence effect on the posture and (B) to identify the ball’s movement effect on the postural and hand controls. The analysis A has showed that the participants have been sintonizated on the global information and solving the sensorial conflito; the local information seems to act like a restriction factor on the postural control for the succeed grasp. The analysis B has showed the participants’ sensitivity to the global and local ambience information to solve the respective sensorial conflito and to provide the necessary compensation and adjustment to grasp the ball, priority. Relevance and function of the global and local information are discussed to the combined postural and grasp control.

Orientador: Sérgio Tosi Rodrigues / Banca: Ana Maria Forti Barela / Banca: Renato de Moraes / Resumo: O controle concomitante da postura e da mão, baseado em informação visual contida no fluxo ótico, é imprescindível para o sucesso da ação de agarrar um objeto. O presente estudo investigou o efeito das fontes de informação visual global e local sobre a oscilação corporal e controle da mão durante a tarefa de agarrar uma bola em aproximação, em adultos jovens. Doze participantes tiveram que manter a posição em pé durante 18 segundos olhando para a bola fixa numa haste, acoplada a uma sala móvel; a tarefa foi agarrar a bola parada ou em aproximação, enquanto a sala móvel se moveu na mesma direção ou em direção oposta ao movimento da bola, totalizando nove condições experimentais, com cinco tentativas cada. Informações cinemáticas sobre o movimento do tronco, da mão, da sala móvel e da bola foram coletadas e possibilitaram duas análises: (A) para identificar o efeito de agarrar ou não a bola estacionária sobre a postura, e (B) para identificar o efeito da bola estar estacionária ou se aproximando sobre as ações do braço e da postura. A análise A mostrou que os participantes estiveram sintonizados à informação global (sala), com o conflito sensorial sendo apropriadamente resolvido; a informação local (bola) parece ter funcionado como um fator de restrição no controle da postura para que o agarrar fosse realizado com sucesso. A análise B mostrou sintonia dos participantes às informações global e local do ambiente para resolver o respectivo conflito sensorial e promover ajustes e compensações necessárias, priorizando a ação de agarrar a bola. Relevância e papel das fontes de informação local e global são discutidos para a combinação do controle postural e do agarrar. / Abstract: The simultaneous posture and hand control, based on information in the optic flow field, is essential for the grasp successful. The present paper has investigated the global and local visual information effect on the body balance and postural control during the grasp an approximation ball task, on young adults. Twelve participants have had to maintain the stand up position during 18 seconds looking the ball fixed in the shaft within the moving room. The task has been to grasp a stationary or a closing ball, while the moving room have moved in the same direction or in the opposite direction of ball movement, the total of nine experimental conditions, with five trials each condition. Cinematic information about the trunk's, hand's, moving room's, and ball's movement has been collected. Two analysis have done: (A) to identify the grasp's presence effect on the posture and (B) to identify the ball's movement effect on the postural and hand controls. The analysis A has showed that the participants have been sintonizated on the global information and solving the sensorial conflito; the local information seems to act like a restriction factor on the postural control for the succeed grasp. The analysis B has showed the participants' sensitivity to the global and local ambience information to solve the respective sensorial conflito and to provide the necessary compensation and adjustment to grasp the ball, priority. Relevance and function of the global and local information are discussed to the combined postural and grasp control. / Mestre

Orientador: Marcelo Tavella Navega / Banca: Mariana Chaves Aveiro / Banca: Adalgiso Coscrato Cardozo / Resumo: Caminhar pode parecer uma tarefa que requer pouca demanda atencional, contudo trata-se de uma atividade que requer cauteloso planejamento, monitoramento e coordenação adequada de uma seqüência de ações. Objetivos: Analisar o efeito da dupla tarefa sobre variáveis cinemáticas e cinéticas da marcha em adultos jovens. Método: Participaram do estudo 17 voluntárias jovens (21,47±2,06 anos). O teste foi realizado em quatro condições distintas: marcha normal (MN), dupla tarefa fácil (DTF), dupla tarefa difícil (DTD), e dupla tarefa mista (DTM). Para a análise dos dados cinemáticos foram usados os 10 primeiros ciclos consecutivos de cada condição. As variáveis analisadas foram o tempo e o comprimento da passada, assim como a ativação muscular e níveis de cocontração durante a realização dos testes. Para a análise do comprimento de passada, tempo de passada, e nível de cocontração foi utilizado o teste ANOVA One way, e Post hoc de Tukey Alpha. Para a análise dos dados de ativação muscular, foi usado o teste Anova de Friedman, e Post hoc de Dunns na comparação entre as diferentes condições de marcha. O nível de significância de foi estabelecido em 5% (p <0,05). Resultados: Caminhar com a adição de tarefas cognitivas afetou significantemente os padrões de ativação muscular para sujeitos jovens, contudo não foram encontradas diferenças para o comprimento, tempo dos passos, nem para o nível de contração. Conclusão: Os dados do presente estudo, nas condições metodológicas propostas, permitem concluir que a competição entre recursos motores e cognitivos afeta significantemente os níveis de ativação muscular durante o desenvolvimento da marcha / Abstract: Walking may seem like a chore that gives of little attentional demand, however it is an activity that requires careful planning, monitoring and coordination of an appropriate sequence of actions. Objectives: To analyze the effect of dual task on kinematic and kinetic variables of gait in young adults. Method: The study included 17 young volunteers (21.47 ± 6.2 years). The test was performed in four different conditions: normal walking (MN), dual easy task (FTD), dual task (DTD), and mixed double duty (TMD). For the analysis of kinematic data were used the first 10 consecutive cycles of each condition. The variables analyzed were the time and stride length, and muscle activation levels and cocontração during testing. For the analysis of stride length, stride time, and level of test was used cocontração One way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's Alpha. For data analysis of muscle activation, we used the Friedman ANOVA and post hoc Dunns when comparing the different conditions of motion. The significance level was set at 5% (p <0.05). Results: Walking with the addition of cognitive tasks significantly affected the patterns of muscle activation for young subjects, but no differences were found for the length of time steps, or to the level of contraction. Conclusion: The results of this study, the methodology proposed conditions allow to conclude that competition between cognitive and motor features significantly affect the levels of muscle activation during development of the march / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jamg_me_rcla.pdf: 279164 bytes, checksum: 29d5ce77532c677359c609c814dc6090 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Caminhar pode parecer uma tarefa que requer pouca demanda atencional, contudo trata-se de uma atividade que requer cauteloso planejamento, monitoramento e coordenação adequada de uma seqüência de ações. Objetivos: Analisar o efeito da dupla tarefa sobre variáveis cinemáticas e cinéticas da marcha em adultos jovens. Método: Participaram do estudo 17 voluntárias jovens (21,47±2,06 anos). O teste foi realizado em quatro condições distintas: marcha normal (MN), dupla tarefa fácil (DTF), dupla tarefa difícil (DTD), e dupla tarefa mista (DTM). Para a análise dos dados cinemáticos foram usados os 10 primeiros ciclos consecutivos de cada condição. As variáveis analisadas foram o tempo e o comprimento da passada, assim como a ativação muscular e níveis de cocontração durante a realização dos testes. Para a análise do comprimento de passada, tempo de passada, e nível de cocontração foi utilizado o teste ANOVA One way, e Post hoc de Tukey Alpha. Para a análise dos dados de ativação muscular, foi usado o teste Anova de Friedman, e Post hoc de Dunns na comparação entre as diferentes condições de marcha. O nível de significância de foi estabelecido em 5% (p <0,05). Resultados: Caminhar com a adição de tarefas cognitivas afetou significantemente os padrões de ativação muscular para sujeitos jovens, contudo não foram encontradas diferenças para o comprimento, tempo dos passos, nem para o nível de contração. Conclusão: Os dados do presente estudo, nas condições metodológicas propostas, permitem concluir que a competição entre recursos motores e cognitivos afeta significantemente os níveis de ativação muscular durante o desenvolvimento da marcha / Walking may seem like a chore that gives of little attentional demand, however it is an activity that requires careful planning, monitoring and coordination of an appropriate sequence of actions. Objectives: To analyze the effect of dual task on kinematic and kinetic variables of gait in young adults. Method: The study included 17 young volunteers (21.47 ± 6.2 years). The test was performed in four different conditions: normal walking (MN), dual easy task (FTD), dual task (DTD), and mixed double duty (TMD). For the analysis of kinematic data were used the first 10 consecutive cycles of each condition. The variables analyzed were the time and stride length, and muscle activation levels and cocontração during testing. For the analysis of stride length, stride time, and level of test was used cocontração One way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's Alpha. For data analysis of muscle activation, we used the Friedman ANOVA and post hoc Dunns when comparing the different conditions of motion. The significance level was set at 5% (p <0.05). Results: Walking with the addition of cognitive tasks significantly affected the patterns of muscle activation for young subjects, but no differences were found for the length of time steps, or to the level of contraction. Conclusion: The results of this study, the methodology proposed conditions allow to conclude that competition between cognitive and motor features significantly affect the levels of muscle activation during development of the march

In sports, one might wish to test new ideas regarding player movement, tactics, or strategy without subjecting the athletes to possibly wasteful or even harmful habit formations. If a method of simulation of the athlete can be devised, experiments might reasonably be conducted to evaluate the ideas independently of actual training or trial in the field. Simulation of a complex system generally begins with a long period of analysis. During this time there may be mathematical and programming explorations and constructions to sharpen and examine different approaches. Meetings are usually held by the participants to try to define the task and explore alternatives. Ideas are amplified, possibly discarded as not feasible, or incorporated into the system package. Gradually there evolves a tighter and more acceptable formulation using logical and mathematical expressions (Preface, p. vii)

The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of a linear relationship between kinesthetic sensitivity and balancing ability in pre-school children. Furthermore, the effects of age on kinesthetic sensitivity and balancing ability were investigated. Finally, the role of gender in kinesthetic sensitivity and balancing ability was examined. Fifty-one subjects, between the ages of three and six years, executed five trials on each of two kinesthetic sensitivity tests (an arm abduction test and a hip abduction test); two tests for static balance (on a balance board and on a balance stick) and two tests for dynamic balance (a beam walk test and a stepping stones test). Although the correlations between kinesthetic sensitivity and balancing ability were generally positive, they were very slight. These low correlations are probably an indication that different abilities are required for carrying out the different tasks. Generally, both balancing ability and kinesthetic sensitivity appeared to improve with age. From analysis of individual test results it was obvious that abilities varied from individual to individual (Appendix G). This could have been the result of developmental, motivational or experiential differences. Although the girls generally performed slightly better on most tests than the boys the correlations between test scores for boys were slightly higher than those for girls. At-test indicated that there were no significant differences between the mean scores of the boys and the girls on the balancing or the kinesthetic sensitivity tasks.

The problem of this study was to determine if athletes representative of open skills differ from athletes representative of closed skills in the perceptual style of field independence. It was hypothesized that differences in perceptual style exist between athletes of open and closed skills, and between athletes and non-athletes. This study also investigated perceptual differences: between advanced athletes and less-advanced athletes; between basketball positional groups; and between different sports of hockey, basketball, swimming, and gymnastics. A total of sixty-one male university students were tested for field independence by use of the rod and frame test (RFT) and the group embedded figures test (GEFT), as well as tested on a visual search test (VST). Scores from the tests were placed into groups, each group having a mean and standard deviation score for each of the tests. RFT mean scores were computed for absolute error (AE), variable error (VE), and constant error (CE). Correct numbers identified and numbers missed were analyzed from the VST. The GEFT score was the number of correctly identified figures. F-ratios for multivariate tests of equality of mean vectors were computed for the groups: Open-Closed; Athlete-Non-athlete; Advanced-Less-advanced; Outside-Inside basketball positional groups; Hockey-Basketball; and Gymnastic-Swimming. Results from this study showed:(1)Open skill athletes (Hockey and Basketball players) do not differ in perceptual style from closed skill athletes (Gymnasts and Swimmers); (2) athletes do not differ significantly from non-athletes in measures of field independence; (3) individual univariate tests between the variables from the GEFT and RFT (AE, VE) showed that the basketball group was more field independent than the hockey group; and (4) the amount of shared variance between the two tests of field independence (RFT and GEFT) was low (less than 1270) and limits the above conclusions. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to provide a description of the physical performance of a group of slow learning children who participated in a perceptual-motor program and to observe the effects of special training in motor skills on the visual perception and motor capacity of each child. Eight subjects, ranging in age from six to nine years, were selected to participate in the study. Each subject was referred to the program because of a diagnosis of retarded perceptual-motor development. The subjects were given pre-training standardized tests in General Motor Capacity and Visual Perception. They then received approximately fifty minutes of daily instruction in motor skills for a total of sixty-five days. At the conclusion of the special training period, the subjects were once again tested in general motor capacity and visual perception. The scores on the initial and final tests in motor capacity and perceptual ability were compared and the differences were recorded. A case study was conducted on each subject in order to obtain as much information as possible on each individual participating in the program. Information was obtained from medical and school records, psychologist and teacher reports, and the detailed observations of the investigator. The results indicated that difficulties in differentiation, balance and coordination appeared to be characteristic of the child having inadequate perceptual-motor development. A comparison of pre- and post-training test results showed that an improvement in motor capacity and visual perception occurred in all the subjects. Marked improvements were also observed in the children's behavior and attitude. From the findings of this study it appears that a special motor training program is a major contributor to the overall rehabilitation of the perceptually-motor handicapped child. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

An extensive review of the literature of the phenomenon of mental rehearsal (MR), or the act of imagining oneself performing a behavior in anticipation of eventually doing so, indicated that MR could facilitate improved performance on varied motor skills. An experiment which drew from previous studies in MR, incorporated suggestions from.the literature, and used a novel measurement task was conducted. The present study compared MR to physical practice (PP), no practice (NP), mental rehearsal/physical practice combined (MR/PP), and interference mental rehearsal (I). Five groups of twenty subjects (N=100) played a hand-held video computer game in a pre- and post-test design. The present study hypothesized that MR would improve performance scores in the video game task. A second hypothesis based on more recent trends in MR literature predicted that an MR/PP group might demonstrate more improvement than the PP group. A final hypothesis was that should MR/PP not exceed PP in improved performance, the rank order outcome from greatest to least improvement would be: PP, MR/PP, MR, NP, and I. The results of the present study were in conflict with reports in the literature and the pilot study, and did not support the three hypotheses. Subjects in all five treatment groups improved performance significantly between the pre- and post-test periods, however, none of the five treatment strategies demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in performance. The I group improved more based on mean percent improvement than either the MR/PP or PP groups. The rank order prediction was not supported in that the results of greatest to least mean percent improvement were as follows: I, MR/PP, MR, NP-, and PP. It is concluded that lack of significant improvement in performance using MR is most probably due to task related variables of complexity, unpredictability, difficulty, and the external pacing of performance that the video game task demands. The data are most consistent with literature reports which used complex and difficult tasks and ones which were paced by external task demands (i.e., the subject had to respond according to task demands rather than pacing his or her own performance). Further, the data are consistent with reports that suggest MR is less effective in unpredictable, difficult, and externally paced tasks than in ones which are predictable, leas difficult, and self-paced.

No description available.