The Copper Mountain intrusions, which include the Voigt and Smelter Lake dioritic stocks, Armstrong Bluffs monzonite-syenite complex, and the differentiated Copper Mountain stock are part of a continuous alkali-calcic rock series ranging in composition from pyroxenite to perthosite pegmatite. The series is believed to be derived from a single parent magma of basic diorite composition and to have formed through crystallization differentiation. The age of the series, determined by potassium-argon methods, is about 195 m.y. Parent magma was intruded into Nicola group (Upper Triassic) rocks by forceful injection with structural readjustment of the country rock. The Voigt and Smelter Lake stocks (diorite) crystallized without apparent differentiation. Armstrong Bluffs monzonite-syenite complex is believed to have formed, by repeated tapping of a differentiating magma which was emplaced at intervals after crystallization of diorite in Voigt and Smelter Lake stocks. In Copper Mountain stock, after crystallization of a dioritic roof and outer zone, magma differentiated to form a continuous series from pyroxenite to perthosite pegmatite Differentiation resulted through a combination of thermal convection, chemical diffusion, crystal armoring and crystal settling. Differentiation began with the formation of gabbro and was initiated by convection currents which were formed as a result of temperature gradients in a mobile, volatile-charged magma. When the composition of the magma approached the Ab-Or side of the Ab-Or-An ternary system, subsolvus crystalliza- tion was succeeded by hypersolvus crystallization and the development of perthosite pegmatite. Feldspars from the Copper Mountain intrusions, studied by X-ray powder technique, exhibit a range of thermal state from intermediate to low temperature types. Feldspar geothermometry suggests a range of crystallization from above 8.20°C to about 500°C. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The present paper summarizes observations made on Mountain Lake, Virginia during 1961, 1962, and 1963. It includes data on the annual cycle of physical and chemical events occurring in the lake, and will serve as a point of departure for future, more specialized studies there. Observations made on the profundal bottom fauna of the lake during the same period are also reported. / Master of Science

Seasonal effects on protozoan colonization of polyurethane foam (PF) units were investigated in.an oligotrophic lake, Mountain Lake, Virginia. PF units were placed into the lake's pelagic water to simulate barren habitat islands suitable for colonization by protozoa. The results were interpreted with respect to the MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium theory of island biogeography. Results showed seasonal changes can cause a substantial amount of instability in colonization curves. Within a season, changes in the lake's planktonic species pool were more prominent during the decay of the thermocline than during Fall or Spring overturn and Summer stratification. For different seasons, the relationship between changes in the lake's planktonic species pool and species accrual on PF units was positive, for total species and for ciliate species. For different seasons, the relationship between changes in colonization rate and species accrual was consistent with MacArthur-Wilson theory. In contrast, for different seasons, the relationship between changes in equilibrium number of species and species accrual was inconsistent with MacArthur-Wilson theory, and this places in question the interseasonal predictive value of colonization curves. For some situations where the MacArthur-Wilson equation for insular colonization did not describe adequately the colonization a modified equation was developed. The modified equation was used to account roughly for species which may rapidly colonize and persist in PF unit communities and described adequately more total species colonization curves than the unmodified equation. Moreover, the modified equation was a useful tool for the interpretation of PF unit colonization by protozoa. / Master of Science

Western juniper has rapidly expanded into sagebrush steppe communities in the Intermountain West during the past 120 years. This expansion has occurred across a wide range of soil types and topographic positions. These plant communities, however, are typically treated in current peer-reviewed literature generically. The focus of this research is to investigate watershed level response to Western juniper encroachment at multiple topographic positions. Data collected from plots used to measure vegetation, soil moisture, and infiltration rates show that intercanopy sites within encroached Western juniper communities generally exhibit a significant decrease in intercanopy plant density and cover, decreased infiltration rates, increased water sediment content, and lower soil moisture content. High-resolution remotely sensed imagery and Geographic Information Systems were used with these plot level measurements to characterize and model the landscape-scale response for both biotic and abiotic components of a Western juniper encroached ecosystem. These data and their analyses included an inventory of plant density, plant cover, bare ground, gap distance and cover, a plant community classification of intercanopy patches and juniper canopy cover, soil moisture estimation, solar insulation prediction, slope and aspect. From these data, models were built that accurately predicted shrub density and shrub cover throughout the watershed study area, differentiated by aspect. We propose a new model of process-based plant community dynamics associated with current state-and-transition theory. This model is developed from field measurements and spatially explicit information that characterize the relationship between the matrix mountain big sagebrush plant community and intercanopy plant community patterns occurring within a Western juniper dominated woodland at a landscape scale. Model parameters (states, transitions, and thresholds) are developed based on differences in shrub density and cover, steady-state infiltration rates, water sediment content, and percent bare ground in response to juniper competition and topographic position. Results from both analysis of variance and multivariate hierarchical cluster analysis indicate that states, transitions, and thresholds can be accurately predicted for intercanopy areas occurring within the study area. In theory, this model and the GIS-based layers produced from this research can be used together to predict states, transitions, and thresholds for any location within the extent of the study area. This is a valuable tool for assessing sites at risk and those that have exceeded the ability to self-repair. / Graduation date: 2005

Botanical exploration in northern British Columbia has lagged behind that of adjacent Alaska and the Yukon Territories. This is particularly true of alpine and sub-alpine areas. For the most part, limited accessibility has restricted plant collecting to within a short distance of the few available roadways. During the course of the present study, botanical field work was conducted in an alpine, sub-alpine area in the Three Sisters Range of the Cassiar Mountains (northwestern British Columbia). Over 1000 vascular plant collections were idenified from the study area. A total of 239 Taxa were recognized representing 116 genera and 44 families. Taxonomic keys to the local flora and an annotated species list are provided. The annotated species list includes : habitat information for each taxon, a list of associated species and, where applicable, a discussion of noteworthy features of the taxon in question. Approximately 13% of the flora examined is listed as rare in British Columbia in Straley et al. (1985). Virtually all of northern British Columbia was overridden by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the last major Wisconsin advance (approximately 22,000-15,000 yrs. b.p.). Potential Refugia from which taxa now present in the study area may have migrated post-glacially are discussed. Worldwide distributions of each taxon were examined and seven phytogeographic elements are recognized in the flora. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

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M.Sc. (Geology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

The work follows the establishment, the history and the present of the mountain rescue service in the territory of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia in the particular historical periods. It focuses on the conditions under which the mountain rescue service was established. It compares particular regions regarding selected indicators (e.g., the number and structure of its members, the membership conditions, the type of interventions, the intervention intensity, the size of the territory, the number of rescue stations, etc.). The work also deals with the functioning and the quality of the cross-border cooperation in various areas. Key words: Mountain rescue, mountain rescue service organisation, the members of the mountain rescue service, areas, districts, interventions, station, equipment

A geologic study of the Parrett Mountain area, located twenty miles (32 kms) south-southwest of Portland, Oregon, was initiated by the Oregon Water Resources Department. The main goal was to create a stratigraphic and structural model of Parrett Mountain in order to better understand the local basalt aquifers present there. Previous geologic studies of the area revealed the mountain to be composed of Columbia River basalt. Field mapping and hand lithologic and geochemical analyses allowed the basalt to be subdivided into eleven basalt flows. These flows are as follows: (from oldest to youngest) the Wapshilla Ridge (WpR) , the Ortley-Grouse Creek (undifferentiated) (OGC), the Umtanum (U), the Winter Water (WW), and the Sentinel Bluffs (SB) basalt units of the Grande Ronde Basalt and the Ginkgo (Gk) flow of the Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt. All the basalt flows were found to be laterally extensive throughout the entire area creating a stacked pancake-layered structure. Thickness variations in the Wapshilla Ridge, Ortley- Grouse Creek and Ginkgo basalt flows reflect paleotopographic relief present during the emplacement of the basalt flows. Sedimentary interbeds appear to be highly localized, occurring sporadically throughout the entire area stratigraphic column. Faults were identified based on geologic map compilation, cross section analysis, and topographic linear features. They trend N-S, E-W, NE and NW and are believed to dissect the entire basalt column. All faults have been designated with a normal sense of displacement, except those known to be thrust or r~verse. Cross-cutting relationships suggest the NS-trending faults are the youngest and the NWtrending faults are the oldest. The faulting created twenty-four separate basalt blocks, each represented by a distinct strike and dip. Flowtop morphology, stratigraphic layering, and the local geologic structures influence local groundwater systems. All flow boundaries yield water to at least one well on the mountain. The most commonly used aquifers are the U/OGC boundary, interflow zones within the OGC, the OGC/WpR boundary and permeable zones within the WpR. Faulting is believed to promote recharge of the groundwater systems by increasing the vertical infiltration of percolating precipitation through the highly fractured fault zone.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1960 N53