Most of the wastes in Sweden end up in incinerator plants. These trashes are full of metals, especially aluminium, which will not oxidize, they can’t always be recycled and they will instead oxidize in water and leak hydrogen gas to its surrounding. Estimations calculate it could be an average potential of around 40-50 kWh/ton of burnt trash. Ignoring the imported trash, the national recovery potential of Sweden’s 4,3 million tonnes of trash would then be equal to 170-220 GWh/year due to non-recyclable metals, which are currently going to temporary landfills. The requirements to harness this potential are technically simple, and can be achieved by a quick separation of the recyclables and the non-recyclables. This report will review the factors which increase the rate of reaction and study different ways of extracting the energy, by electrolysis, thermal treatment and mechanical mixing. This was done by taking small samples from the MSWI, owned by Umeå Energi AB, and putting them in small containers. While using the different methods, electrolysis, thermal treatment and mechanichal mixing, the amount of developed H2 gas over time was measured. The result shows that the best methods are mechanical mixing together with thermal treatment, where mechanical mixing seems to give the biggest effect of them two. The electrolysis did not work as intended, where there could be issues with the conductivity of the ash-mixture.

D’après les limites d’acceptation pour la mise en décharge des déchets, les REFIOM (Résidus d’Epuration des Fumées d’Incinération d’Ordures Ménagères) sont considérés comme déchets dangereux, car ils libèrent des quantités importantes de chlorures et de métaux lourds lorsqu’ils entrent en contact avec de l’eau. Ces solides doivent par conséquent être traités avant leur mise en décharge. A côté des traitements visant l’acceptabilité des REFIOM en décharge, quelques recherches entrevoient la possibilité de valoriser ces résidus, notamment dans des matériaux cimentaires. Les recherches présentées ici s’inscrivent dans cette tendance nouvelle et visent l’élaboration d’un procédé combinant traitement et valorisation des REFIOM. Les REFIOM représentent en fait différents types de résidus provenant des installations que rencontrent les fumées issues de l’incinération des déchets. La composition des résidus diffère selon leur origine. Il est dès lors apparu essentiel de considérer chaque type de résidu séparément et de poursuivre l’élaboration d’un traitement sur un seul type de REFIOM. Nous avons choisi de concentrer les recherches sur les Cendres Volantes de Chaudière (CVC), ces résidus se retrouvant dans tout incinérateur. Le traitement des CVC est basé sur l’extraction de fractions valorisables et la séparation de fractions contaminées, permettant d’obtenir des résidus acceptables en décharge ou, idéalement eux-mêmes valorisables. Une séparation magnétique permet d’extraire environ 10% en poids des CVC mais ne semble pas exploitable dans le cadre du traitement des CVC car les particules magnétiques contiennent des impuretés (composés non magnétiques) et que le résidu final reste contaminé. Une étude de la répartition des éléments en fonction de la taille des particules (granulochimie) est effectuée sur les CVC. Il apparaît intéressant de séparer la fraction inférieure à 38 µm obtenue lors d’une séparation granulométrique, effectuée en voie humide en utilisant une solution dense. En effet, cette fraction semble être nettement plus contaminée en Pb (soluble) que le reste des CVC. Une telle séparation constitue dès lors la première étape du traitement des CVC. Elle est suivie par des étapes de lavage des fractions obtenues, visant à extraire les sels solubles (chlorures et métaux). Les lavages sont envisagés à contre-courant afin d’utiliser au mieux l’eau de lavage. Une recirculation interne des solutions est également prévue, de sorte que, théoriquement, le procédé ne génère pas d’effluents liquides. Une étape de précipitation de composés métalliques (PbS dans ce cas-ci) est prévue après le lavage des boues. Le procédé de traitement des CVC produirait ainsi des boues et des granulats décontaminés, des sels et des précipités métalliques. Seules certaines étapes du procédé ont été investiguées en laboratoire ; des essais supplémentaires sont encore nécessaires pour optimiser chaque étape, comprendre les phénomènes physico-chimiques qui se produisent et assurer des filières de valorisation. / Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) fly ashes and Air Pollution Control (APC) residues are considered as hazardous waste according to the limits for the acceptance of waste at landfills, because high amounts of chlorides and heavy metals leach from the solids when those are in contact with water. These residues have thus to be treated before they can be accepted in landfill. Several treatments aim to limit the leaching of the residues. Beside these treatments, some research works go further the treatment and consider the valorisation of MSWI fly ashes and APC residues, e.a. in cementitious materials. The present work follows the new trend and aims to build up a process that combines treatment and valorisation of MSWI fly ashes and APC residues. MSWI fly ashes and APC residues come from the devices encountered by the flue gases from waste incineration. The residues composition differs according to their origin. It seems thus essential to consider each type of residues separately and to develop the treatment only on one sort of residue. Boiler Fly Ashes (BFA) were chosen because they exist in every modern MSWI plant. The BFA treatment is based on the extraction of valorisable fractions and on the separation of contaminated fractions, which makes the final residues less hazardous; these final residues would then be acceptable in landfill, or, even better, be valorisable. A magnetic sorting extracts ~10% (wt.) of BFA; however, such a separation would not be useful in a treatment process because the magnetic particles contain some impurities (non magnetic particles) and the final residue is still hazardous. The repartition of the elements according to the particles size has been studied on BFA. It seems interesting to separate the BFA at 38 µm by a wet sieving process using a dense solution. The lower fraction presents a higher contamination in Pb (soluble) than the larger. Consequently, the first step of the BFA treatment consists of a wet sieving. Washing steps follow the sieving and aim to extract soluble salts (chlorides, heavy metals). These washings work in a counter-current way to optimise the use of water. The solutions are recycled in the process, which implies the absence of liquid effluents. A precipitation step of some metallic compounds (PbS in this case) is foreseen after the washing of the lower fraction. The BFA treatment process would produce decontaminated sludge and coarse fractions, salts and metallic compounds. Some steps of the process have been investigated at lab-scale; further studies are necessary to optimise each step, to understand the observed reactions and to guarantee valorisation channels.

No description available.

<p>Certain types of waste, e.g. bottom ash originating from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI bottom ash) can be used as road construction materials. A potential problem is the possibility of substances leaching out of the road and spreading in the surrounding groundwater.</p><p>The aim of this master’s thesis is to conclude whether hydrogeological type settings can be employed to, based on local conditions, provide an estimate of the probable spreading of these substances in the surrounding groundwater, and whether certain types of soils can be identified as being less suitable for the localization of a MSWI bottom ash road. A hydrogeological type setting is defined as a mappable unit with similar hydrogeological properties. An advantage of this approach would be that mainly existing maps and surveys could form the basis for the assessment.</p><p>The work has been performed by placing a hypothetical road construction in different hydrogeological type settings. The expected patterns of spreading has then been evaluated using theoretical reasoning and analytical and numerical models.</p><p>The method can be used. In the report various type settings are defined. In several cases further information will be required to render possible a more exact estimate of the spreading. By locating the road on less permeable soils to reduce the local spreading of substances in groundwater, a greater proportion of the water will be drained as surface water. Thus it becomes important to take into account surface water transport aswell. In the report a procedure to estimate the maximum concentrations in groundwater at locations situated downstream the road is presented. This estimate could be used as basis for a more balanced valuation of appropriateness, e.g. by relating the estimated concentrations to background values.</p> / <p>Vissa typer av avfall, exempelvis slaggrus (sorterad bottenaska från avfallsförbränning), kan användas som vägbyggnadsmaterial. Ett potentiellt problem är möjligheten att ämnen lakas ut ur vägen och sprids i omgivande grundvatten.</p><p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att avgöra om hydrogeologiska typmiljöer kan användas för att, utifrån omgivningens förutsättningar, ge en bild av hur den vidare spridningen av dessa ämnen i omgivande grundvatten sannolikt ser ut, och om vissa typer av mark kan pekas ut som mindre lämpade för lokalisering av en slaggrusväg. En hydrogeologisk typmiljö definieras som ett område möjligt att avgränsa med avseende på karakteristiska hydrogeologiska förhållanden. En fördel med angreppssättet skulle vara att underlagsmaterialet till bedömningen då kan utgöras av i huvudsak befintligt kartmaterial.</p><p>Studien har utförts genom att en hypotetisk vägkonstruktion placerats in i olika hydrogeologiska typmiljöer. De troliga spridningsscenarierna har sedan utvärderats genom teoretiska resonemang, samt genom användande av analytiska och numeriska modeller.</p><p>Metodiken går att använda och i rapporten definieras olika typmiljöer. I flera fall kommer platsspecifik kunskap behöva inhämtas för en närmare beskrivning av spridningsbilden. Genom placering av vägen på tätare mark för att minska lokal spridning av ämnen i grundvatten kommer en större andel av vattnet att avledas som ytvatten. Därmed blir det viktigt att även inhämta kunskap om transport med ytvatten. I rapporten presenteras också en metod för uppskattning av maximala halter i grundvatten nedströms en väg. Denna metod kan användas som underlag för en mer nyanserad värdering av lämplighet, genom att de uppskattade halterna relateras till bakgrundsvärden eller lämpliga riktvärden.</p>

No description available.

<p>This study is a comparison of Swedish and Danish legislation on recycling of MSWI (Municipal Solid Waste Incineration) residues for construction purposes. The aim has been to look for differences and figure out whether these could be a reason for the minor use of MSWI ashes in Sweden compared to Denmark. To do this, text analysis has been performed on Swedish and Danish environmental legislation with focus on recycling of incineration ashes for constructions. </p><p>In Denmark, use of incineration ashes was very common and large amounts were recycled during the 1980’s and 1990’s. The new legislation, more similar to the Swedish in terms of an increased need for assessments along with tightened limits for hazardous substances, has diminished the use. </p><p>This shows that changes in Danish legislation towards the Swedish complicate the use of incineration ashes. Thereby the minor use of ashes from MSWI in Sweden could, at least partially, be explained by differences in Danish and Swedish legislation.</p>

In Sweden, utilisation of incinerator residues outside disposal areas is restricted by environmental concerns, as such residues commonly contain greater amounts of potentially toxic trace elements than the natural materials they replace. On the other hand, utilisation can also provide environmental benefits by decreasing the need for landfill and reducing raw material extraction. This thesis provides increased knowledge and proposes better approaches for environmental assessment of incinerator residue utilisation, particularly bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI).A life cycle assessment (LCA) based approach was outlined for environmental assessment of incinerator residue utilisation, in which leaching of trace elements as well as other emissions to air and water and the use of resources were regarded as constituting the potential environmental impact from the system studied. Case studies were performed for i) road construction with or without MSWI bottom ash, ii) three management scenarios for MSWI bottom ash and iii) three management scenarios for wood ash. Different types of potential environmental impact predominated in the activities of the system and the scenarios differed in use of resources and energy. Utilising MSWI bottom ash in road construction and recycling of wood ash on forest land saved more natural resources and energy than when these materials were managed according to the other scenarios investigated, including dumping in landfill. There is a potential for trace element leaching regardless of how the ash is managed.Trace element leaching, particularly of copper (Cu), was identified as being relatively important for environmental assessment of MSWI bottom ash utilisation. CuO is suggested as the most important type of Cu-containing mineral in weathered MSWI bottom ash, whereas in the leachate Cu is mainly present in complexes with dissolved organic matter (DOM). The hydrophilic components of the DOM were more important for Cu binding than previously understood. Differences were also observed between MSWI bottom ash DOM and the natural DOM for which the geochemical speciation models SHM and NICA-Donnan are calibrated. Revised parameter values for speciation modelling are therefore suggested. Additions of salt or natural DOM in the influent did not change the leachate concentration of Cu. Thus, although Cl and natural DOM might be present in the influent in the field due to road salting or infiltration of soil water, this is of minor importance for the potential environmental impact from MSWI bottom ash.This thesis allows estimates of long-term leaching and toxicity to be improved and demonstrates the need for broadening the system boundaries in order to highlight the trade-offs between different types of impact. For decisions on whether incinerator residues should be utilised or landfilled, the use of a life cycle perspective in combination with more detailed assessments is recommended. / QC 20100914

This study is a comparison of Swedish and Danish legislation on recycling of MSWI (Municipal Solid Waste Incineration) residues for construction purposes. The aim has been to look for differences and figure out whether these could be a reason for the minor use of MSWI ashes in Sweden compared to Denmark. To do this, text analysis has been performed on Swedish and Danish environmental legislation with focus on recycling of incineration ashes for constructions. In Denmark, use of incineration ashes was very common and large amounts were recycled during the 1980’s and 1990’s. The new legislation, more similar to the Swedish in terms of an increased need for assessments along with tightened limits for hazardous substances, has diminished the use. This shows that changes in Danish legislation towards the Swedish complicate the use of incineration ashes. Thereby the minor use of ashes from MSWI in Sweden could, at least partially, be explained by differences in Danish and Swedish legislation.

Certain types of waste, e.g. bottom ash originating from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI bottom ash) can be used as road construction materials. A potential problem is the possibility of substances leaching out of the road and spreading in the surrounding groundwater. The aim of this master’s thesis is to conclude whether hydrogeological type settings can be employed to, based on local conditions, provide an estimate of the probable spreading of these substances in the surrounding groundwater, and whether certain types of soils can be identified as being less suitable for the localization of a MSWI bottom ash road. A hydrogeological type setting is defined as a mappable unit with similar hydrogeological properties. An advantage of this approach would be that mainly existing maps and surveys could form the basis for the assessment. The work has been performed by placing a hypothetical road construction in different hydrogeological type settings. The expected patterns of spreading has then been evaluated using theoretical reasoning and analytical and numerical models. The method can be used. In the report various type settings are defined. In several cases further information will be required to render possible a more exact estimate of the spreading. By locating the road on less permeable soils to reduce the local spreading of substances in groundwater, a greater proportion of the water will be drained as surface water. Thus it becomes important to take into account surface water transport aswell. In the report a procedure to estimate the maximum concentrations in groundwater at locations situated downstream the road is presented. This estimate could be used as basis for a more balanced valuation of appropriateness, e.g. by relating the estimated concentrations to background values. / Vissa typer av avfall, exempelvis slaggrus (sorterad bottenaska från avfallsförbränning), kan användas som vägbyggnadsmaterial. Ett potentiellt problem är möjligheten att ämnen lakas ut ur vägen och sprids i omgivande grundvatten. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att avgöra om hydrogeologiska typmiljöer kan användas för att, utifrån omgivningens förutsättningar, ge en bild av hur den vidare spridningen av dessa ämnen i omgivande grundvatten sannolikt ser ut, och om vissa typer av mark kan pekas ut som mindre lämpade för lokalisering av en slaggrusväg. En hydrogeologisk typmiljö definieras som ett område möjligt att avgränsa med avseende på karakteristiska hydrogeologiska förhållanden. En fördel med angreppssättet skulle vara att underlagsmaterialet till bedömningen då kan utgöras av i huvudsak befintligt kartmaterial. Studien har utförts genom att en hypotetisk vägkonstruktion placerats in i olika hydrogeologiska typmiljöer. De troliga spridningsscenarierna har sedan utvärderats genom teoretiska resonemang, samt genom användande av analytiska och numeriska modeller. Metodiken går att använda och i rapporten definieras olika typmiljöer. I flera fall kommer platsspecifik kunskap behöva inhämtas för en närmare beskrivning av spridningsbilden. Genom placering av vägen på tätare mark för att minska lokal spridning av ämnen i grundvatten kommer en större andel av vattnet att avledas som ytvatten. Därmed blir det viktigt att även inhämta kunskap om transport med ytvatten. I rapporten presenteras också en metod för uppskattning av maximala halter i grundvatten nedströms en väg. Denna metod kan användas som underlag för en mer nyanserad värdering av lämplighet, genom att de uppskattade halterna relateras till bakgrundsvärden eller lämpliga riktvärden.

No description available.