In this thesis, a multi-rate LDPC (Low-Density Parity-Check code) decoder circuit is proposed for IEEE 802.16e standard. In the proposed circuit, we modify the overlapping structure for different code rate of the LDPC decoder to enhance the hardware utilization ratio and provide flexible parametric design. LDPC decoding is completed by the recursive operations between variable nodes and check nodes. We use Beneš network to implement the wire-routing of the operations between variable nodes and check nodes. However, the decoders with different code rates may result in different Beneš networks and increase the hardware complexity. We propose a modified overlapping structure to reduce the complexity of parallelized Beneš network and to increase the hardware utilization ratio.

No description available.

Submitted by RAUL KATAYAMA MANSANO null (rkmansano@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-04T01:12:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Raul Katayama Mansano.pdf: 4167710 bytes, checksum: 35cc706c4a721f9334825773f9f2ff77 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-10T13:57:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mansano_rk_me_bauru.pdf: 4167710 bytes, checksum: 35cc706c4a721f9334825773f9f2ff77 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-10T13:57:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mansano_rk_me_bauru.pdf: 4167710 bytes, checksum: 35cc706c4a721f9334825773f9f2ff77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com os recentes avanços das tecnologias sem fio e a proliferação de sensores sem fio, há um crescente interesse na implementação de Sistemas Controle via Redes Sem Fio (WNCSs), que fornecem vantagens em relação às arquiteturas tradicionais ponto-a-ponto e às arquiteturas de redes cabeadas. Apesar das vantagens, a inserção de redes industriais na malha de controle impõe não-linearidades e restrições que afetam o desempenho e a estabilidade do WNCS. Além disto, uma questão fundamental para aplicações de WNCS é a vida útil da bateria de alimentação dos sensores sem fio, uma vez que é uma fonte limitada de energia. Como a transmissão da informação na rede sem fio requer um alto gasto energético pelo dispositivo, deve-se restringir a quantidade de comunicações para poupar bateria. Esta restrição inviabiliza o uso de sensores sem fio em diversas aplicações de WNCS. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um controlador adaptativo multi-rate para eficiência energética em aplicações industriais de WNCSs, através da diminuição da frequência de transmissão de dados na rede e, portanto, redução do consumo energético dos dispositivos sem fio. Um controlador adaptativo auto-ajustável foi implementado para identificar o modelo do WNCS, simular tal modelo e sintonizar os parâmetros do controlador a cada passo de controle, fornecendo robustez contra distúrbios e não-linearidades inerentes ao WNCS. O diferencial do controlador adaptativo é a incorporação das técnicas de identificação por pacote e de controle multi-rate. A técnica de identificação por pacote consiste em transmitir mensagens com vários dados (não somente o mais atual) coletados durante o período de amostragem do sensor sem fio, melhorando a identificação do modelo do WNCS e, consequentemente, o desempenho do controlador adaptativo. A técnica de controle multi-rate consiste em usar dados virtuais de realimentação, provenientes do modelo simulado do WNCS, para possibilitar uma atuação sobre o processo a uma frequência mais rápida que a amostragem dos sensores sem fio, permitindo a redução das transmissões sem fio do WNCS. Resultados experimentais mostram que o controlador adaptativo multi-rate é robusto e efetivo para aplicações de WNCS, permitindo poupar energia das baterias dos sensores sem fio sem prejudicar significativamente o desempenho de controle do WNCS. As análises do impacto do período de amostragem e do parâmetro Γ do controlador permitiram a obtenção de valores ótimos para a melhoria da eficiência energética do WNCS. / Recent advances in wireless technologies and the proliferation of wireless sensors led to an increasing interest in the implementation of Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCS), which provide advantages over traditional peer-to-peer and cabled networks architectures. Despite these advantages, inserting a communication network in the control loop impose nonlinearities and constraints which affect stability and performance of the system. Furthermore, a major issue in wireless applications is the lifetime of the sensors batteries, which are a limited source of power. As transmitting data over the network requires high-energy expenditure, it is imperative to reduce the number of communications, in order to save battery. This constraint makes it unfeasible to use wireless sensors in most WNCS applications. In this context, this work aims to develop a multi-rate adaptive controller to enhance energy efficiency in industrial WNCS applications, by reducing frequency of data transmission over the network, thus reducing power expenditure of the wireless devices. A self-tuning adaptive controller is implemented, which can identify the WNCS model, simulate such model and tune the controller parameters at each control step, then providing robustness to disturbance and inherent nonlinearities of the WNCS. The adaptive controller is augmented with a multi-rate control technique and packet-based identification. The packet-based identification consists in transmitting messages with a pack of data (instead of only transmitting the most recent one) sampled during the inter-samples period, thus improving identification of the WNCS model and, consequently, improving control performance. The multi-rate control technique consists in using virtual feedback data, provided by the simulated model of the WNCS, then enabling actuation faster than wireless sampling, allowing the reduction of wireless transmissions in the WNCS. Experimental results show that the implemented multi-rate adaptive controller is robust and effective to WNCS and improve battery lifetime without decreasing control performance of the WNCS significantly. By investigating the impacts of sampling period and of controller parameter Γ determined optimized values to improve energy efficiency of the WNCS.

Submitted by Felipe Fakir null (zafakir@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-27T07:01:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FFAKIR Dissertação vFinalFichaCataAta.pdf: 2064786 bytes, checksum: 158a935a636b9dbf9e59618a35b4c8ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-28T19:39:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fakir_f_me_bauru.pdf: 2064786 bytes, checksum: 158a935a636b9dbf9e59618a35b4c8ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T19:39:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fakir_f_me_bauru.pdf: 2064786 bytes, checksum: 158a935a636b9dbf9e59618a35b4c8ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-01 / A tecnologia de comunicação wireless vem se tornando parte fundamental do cotidiano das indústrias de processos, onde o uso de transmissores wireless aplicados à monitoração e controle já é uma realidade. A arquitetura de Sistema de Controle via Rede Sem Fio (WNCS) possui vantagens em relação às arquiteturas tradicionais ponto-a-ponto e às arquiteturas de redes cabeadas devido à facilidade de instalação, configuração e manutenção. No entanto, a evolução desta tecnologia introduziu novos desafios para a implementação da malha de controle fechada por um instrumento wireless como as não linearidades, perda de pacote de dados e restrições da comunicação de dados nas redes sem fio. Outro fator crítico relacionado à implementação de WNCSs é a fonte de energia limitada destes transmissores, que possuem vida útil dependente da quantidade de acessos e dados transmitidos. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e o desenvolvimento de um controlador preditivo multi-rate como alternativa para melhorar a eficiência energética em aplicações industriais de WNCSs. A estratégia proposta não necessita receber constantemente os valores reais das variáveis do processo transmitidos pelos transmissores wireless, pois o controlador preditivo baseado em modelo (MPC) se utiliza do submodelo interno das variáveis de processo para estimar os valores das variáveis quando estas não são transmitidas. Dessa forma, uma diminuição da frequência de transmissão de dados na rede sem fio pode ser obtida e, consequentemente uma redução do consumo energético dos dispositivos sem fio. Resultados de simulações em diferentes condições de operação de um WNCS multivariável de controle de tanques acoplados demonstram que o MPC multi-rate possui características de robustez e é efetivo para aplicações de WNCS, garantindo requisitos de controle e estabilidade mesmo com a diminuição da frequência de transmissão de dados de realimentação na rede sem fio. Adicionalmente, resultados do consumo energético dos dispositivos do WNCS mostraram que o MPC multi-rate proporciona uma economia de energia de até 20% das baterias dos transmissores wireless. Uma análise da eficiência energética do WNCS é apresentada através do estudo dos limites operacionais do controlador MPC multi-rate considerando a relação de compromisso entre o período de amostragem dos dispositivos sem fio e o desempenho de controle do WNCS. / Wireless communication technology has become a fundamental part of the everyday life of process industries, where the use of wireless transmitters for monitoring and control is already a reality. The architecture of Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCSs) has advantages over point-to-point and wired networks architectures due to the ease of installation, configuration and maintenance. However, the evolution of this technology has introduced new challenges to the implementation of the closed loop control with a wireless instrument as nonlinearities, packet losses and data communication constraints in the wireless networks. Another critical factor related to implementation of WNCSs is the energy source of these transmitters, which have limited lifetime dependent on the amount of access and data transmitted. This work presents the study and the development of a multi-rate predictive controller as an alternative to improve energy efficiency in industrial applications of WNCSs. The proposed strategy does not need to frequently receive updated process variables transmitted by wireless transmitters, because the model predictive controller (MPC) uses the internal submodel of the process variables to estimate the variables values when they are not transmitted. Thus, a decrease in the frequency of data transmission on the wireless network can be obtained and consequently a reduction of energy consumption of wireless devices. Simulation results for different operating conditions of a multivariable WNCS of coupled tanks shows that the multi-rate MPC provides robustness and it is effective for WNCS applications, ensuring control and stability requirements even with the reduction of the transmission frequency of the feedback data in the wireless network. In addition, energy consumption results from the WNCS devices showed that MPC multi-rate provides 20% of energy economy as it is effective in saving the energy expenditure of the wireless transmitter’s battery. An energy efficiency analysis of the WNCS is presented by studying the operating limits of the multi-rate MPC controller considering the compromise relationship between the sampling period of the wireless devices and the control performance of the WNCS.

Novas demandas por serviços de valor agregado têm surgido constantemente em sistemas de telefonia celular. Somente o tráfego de voz não tem sido mais suficiente para suprir as necessidades dos usuários, que hoje clamam também por serviços de dados que sejam rápidos, eficientes, baratos, com mobilidade e que atendam às mais diversas aplicações, como correio eletrônico, vídeo-conferência ou acesso à Internet. Este trabalho apresenta um método de determinação das taxas mínimas necessárias nos canais de tráfego para atender a essas aplicações. Utilizando-se da tecnologia CDMA2000, será feita uma análise do impacto na interface aérea da alocação dos canais de tráfego determinados. A mesma análise será feita nos casos em que se determinem taxas mínimas e/ou máximas alocadas para cada usuário, comparando-se também tempo necessário para a transmissão dos dados, eficiência na célula (taxa útil / taxa total transmitida), etc. As conclusões deste trabalho podem indicar estratégias para se atender aos usuários de serviços de dados em redes de telefonia móvel sob diferentes aspectos, como melhor relação custo-benefício, nichos específicos (concentrar-se em serviços que demandem maiores ou menores taxas de transmissão, por exemplo) ou até mesmo prever a quantidade de recursos de rede necessária para atender a uma determinada base de usuários. / Mobile telephony systems have been constantly asked for new demands of value added services. Voice traffic only is not enough anymore to support the new needs of mobile users because nowadays they ask for fast, cost-efficient, cheap and mobile services to support electronic mail, videoconference or Internet access. This work presents a method of how to determine minimum rates on traffic channels to support these services. Considering CDMA2000 technology, an impact analysis will be made in the air interface for these specific traffic channels. Same analysis will be made when minimum or maximum rates are reserved for each user, also comparing the time needed for data transmission, efficiency of the cell (useful rate / maximum rate) and others. The conclusions of this work may allow strategies to support data users in mobile telephony networks in such different ways, as better cost-effective solution, specific segment of the market (i.e., to concentrate in services with higher or lower transmission rates) or even to foresee the amount of resources needed in a network to support a forecasted number of users.

Novas demandas por serviços de valor agregado têm surgido constantemente em sistemas de telefonia celular. Somente o tráfego de voz não tem sido mais suficiente para suprir as necessidades dos usuários, que hoje clamam também por serviços de dados que sejam rápidos, eficientes, baratos, com mobilidade e que atendam às mais diversas aplicações, como correio eletrônico, vídeo-conferência ou acesso à Internet. Este trabalho apresenta um método de determinação das taxas mínimas necessárias nos canais de tráfego para atender a essas aplicações. Utilizando-se da tecnologia CDMA2000, será feita uma análise do impacto na interface aérea da alocação dos canais de tráfego determinados. A mesma análise será feita nos casos em que se determinem taxas mínimas e/ou máximas alocadas para cada usuário, comparando-se também tempo necessário para a transmissão dos dados, eficiência na célula (taxa útil / taxa total transmitida), etc. As conclusões deste trabalho podem indicar estratégias para se atender aos usuários de serviços de dados em redes de telefonia móvel sob diferentes aspectos, como melhor relação custo-benefício, nichos específicos (concentrar-se em serviços que demandem maiores ou menores taxas de transmissão, por exemplo) ou até mesmo prever a quantidade de recursos de rede necessária para atender a uma determinada base de usuários. / Mobile telephony systems have been constantly asked for new demands of value added services. Voice traffic only is not enough anymore to support the new needs of mobile users because nowadays they ask for fast, cost-efficient, cheap and mobile services to support electronic mail, videoconference or Internet access. This work presents a method of how to determine minimum rates on traffic channels to support these services. Considering CDMA2000 technology, an impact analysis will be made in the air interface for these specific traffic channels. Same analysis will be made when minimum or maximum rates are reserved for each user, also comparing the time needed for data transmission, efficiency of the cell (useful rate / maximum rate) and others. The conclusions of this work may allow strategies to support data users in mobile telephony networks in such different ways, as better cost-effective solution, specific segment of the market (i.e., to concentrate in services with higher or lower transmission rates) or even to foresee the amount of resources needed in a network to support a forecasted number of users.

This thesis addresses the problem of `efficient' broadcast in a multi-radio multi-channel multi-rate wireless mesh network (MR$^2$-MC WMN). In such a MR$^2$-MC WMN, nodes are equipped with multiple radio network interface cards, each tuned to an orthogonal channel, that can dynamically adjust transmission rate by choosing a modulation scheme appropriate for the channel conditions. We choose `broadcast latency', defined as the maximum delay between a packet's network-wide broadcast at the source and its eventual reception at all network nodes, as the `efficiency' metric of broadcast performance. The problem of constructing a broadcast forwarding structure having minimal broadcast latency is referred to as the `minimum-latency-broadcasting' (MLB) problem. While previous research for broadcast in single-radio single-rate wireless networks has highlighted the wireless medium's `\emph{wireless broadcast advantage}' (WBA); little is known regarding how the new features of MR$^2$-MC WMN may be exploited. We study in this thesis how the availability of multiple radio interfaces (tuned to orthogonal channels) at WMN nodes, and WMN's multi-rate transmission capability and WBA, might be exploited to improve the `broadcast latency' performance. We show the MLB problem for MR$^2$-MC WMN to be NP-hard, and resort to heuristics for its solution. We divide the overall problem into two sub-problems, which we address in two separate parts of this thesis. \emph{In the first part of this thesis}, the MLB problem is defined for the case of single-radio single-channel multi-rate WMNs where WMN nodes are equipped with a single radio tuned to a common channel. \emph{In the second part of this thesis}, the MLB problem is defined for MR$^2$-MC WMNs where WMN nodes are equipped with multiple radios tuned to multiple orthogonal channels. We demonstrate that broadcasting in multi-rate WMNs is significantly different to broadcasting in single-rate WMNs, and that broadcast performance in multi-rate WMNs can be significantly improved by exploiting the availability of multi-rate feature and multiple interfaces. We also present two alternative MLB broadcast frameworks and specific algorithms, centralized and distributed, for each framework that can exploit multiple interfaces at a WMN node, and the multi-rate feature and WBA of MR$^2$-MC WMN to return improved `broadcast latency' performance.

Ad hoc networks are becoming an interesting research area, as they inher-ently support unique network applications for the wireless communications in a rug-ged environment, which requires rapid deployment and is difficult to be provided by an infrastructure network. Many issues need to be addressed for the ad hoc networks. In this dissertation, we propose an efficient distributed coordination function, a dynamic rate adaptation and fragmentation scheme, and a simultaneous frame transmission scheme on the media access control protocol to enhance the power conservation of mobile hosts and to im-prove the network throughput of an ad hoc network. Extensive simulations are studied to evaluate the improvement of the proposed schemes. The results of the simulations exhibit significant improvement to the stan-dard access control protocol. Not only the improvement of the throughput of the ad hoc networks, but also the conservation of the battery power of the mobile hosts were achieved with our schemes.

The problem of designing scheduling algorithm for multi-channel (e.g., OFDM-based) wireless downlink networks is considered, where the system has a large bandwidth and proportionally large number of users to serve. For this system, while the classical MaxWeight algorithm is known to be throughput-optimal, its buffer-overflow performance is very poor (formally, it is shown that it has zero rate function in our setting). To address this, a class of algorithms called iHLQF (iterated Heaviest matching with Longest Queues First) is proposed. The algorithms in this class are shown to be throughput-optimal for a general class of arrival/channel processes, and also rate-function optimal (i.e., exponentially small buffer overflow probability) for certain arrival/channel processes, where the channel-rates are 0 or 1 packets per timeslot. iHLQF however has higher computational complexity than MaxWeight (n⁴ vs. n² computations per timeslot respectively). To overcome this issue, a new algorithm called SSG (Server-Side Greedy) is proposed. It is shown that SSG is throughput-optimal, results in a much better per-user buffer overflow performance than the MaxWeight algorithm (positive rate function for certain arrival/channel processes), and has a computational complexity (n²) that is comparable to the MaxWeight algorithm. Thus, it provides a nice trade-off between buffer-overflow performance and computational complexity. For multi-rate channel processes, where the channels can serve multiple packets per timeslot, new Markov chain-based coupling arguments are used to derive rate-function positivity results for the SSG algorithm. Finally, an algorithm called DMEQ is proposed and shown to be rate-function optimal for certain multi-rate channel scenarios, whose definition characterizes the sufficient conditions for rate-function optimality in this regime. These results are validated by both analysis and simulations. / text

This thesis addresses the problem of `efficient' broadcast in a multi-radio multi-channel multi-rate wireless mesh network (MR$^2$-MC WMN). In such a MR$^2$-MC WMN, nodes are equipped with multiple radio network interface cards, each tuned to an orthogonal channel, that can dynamically adjust transmission rate by choosing a modulation scheme appropriate for the channel conditions. We choose `broadcast latency', defined as the maximum delay between a packet's network-wide broadcast at the source and its eventual reception at all network nodes, as the `efficiency' metric of broadcast performance. The problem of constructing a broadcast forwarding structure having minimal broadcast latency is referred to as the `minimum-latency-broadcasting' (MLB) problem. While previous research for broadcast in single-radio single-rate wireless networks has highlighted the wireless medium's `\emph{wireless broadcast advantage}' (WBA); little is known regarding how the new features of MR$^2$-MC WMN may be exploited. We study in this thesis how the availability of multiple radio interfaces (tuned to orthogonal channels) at WMN nodes, and WMN's multi-rate transmission capability and WBA, might be exploited to improve the `broadcast latency' performance. We show the MLB problem for MR$^2$-MC WMN to be NP-hard, and resort to heuristics for its solution. We divide the overall problem into two sub-problems, which we address in two separate parts of this thesis. \emph{In the first part of this thesis}, the MLB problem is defined for the case of single-radio single-channel multi-rate WMNs where WMN nodes are equipped with a single radio tuned to a common channel. \emph{In the second part of this thesis}, the MLB problem is defined for MR$^2$-MC WMNs where WMN nodes are equipped with multiple radios tuned to multiple orthogonal channels. We demonstrate that broadcasting in multi-rate WMNs is significantly different to broadcasting in single-rate WMNs, and that broadcast performance in multi-rate WMNs can be significantly improved by exploiting the availability of multi-rate feature and multiple interfaces. We also present two alternative MLB broadcast frameworks and specific algorithms, centralized and distributed, for each framework that can exploit multiple interfaces at a WMN node, and the multi-rate feature and WBA of MR$^2$-MC WMN to return improved `broadcast latency' performance.