Wind is one of the most promising resources in the renewable energy portfolio. Still, the cost of electrical power produced by small wind turbines impedes the use of this technology, which can otherwise provide power to millions of homes in rural regions worldwide. To encourage their use, small wind turbines must convert wind energy more effectively while avoiding increased equipment costs. A variable ratio gearbox (VRG) can provide this capability to the simple low-cost fixed-speed wind turbine through discrete operating speeds. The VRG concept is based upon mature technology taken from the automotive industry and is characterized by low cost and high reliability. A 100 kW model characterizes the benefits of integrating a VRG into a fixed-speed stall-regulated wind turbine system. Simulation results suggest it improves the efficiency of the fixed-speed turbine in the partial-load region and has the ability to limit power in the full-load region where pitch control is often used. To maximize electrical production, mechanical braking is applied during the normal operation of the wind turbine. A strategy is used to select gear ratios that produce torque slightly above the maximum amount the generator can accept while simultaneously applying the mechanical brake, so that full-load production may be realized over greater ranges of the wind speed. Dynamic programming is used to establish the VRG ratios and an optimal control design. This optimization strategy maximizes the energy production while insuring that the brake pads maintain a predetermined service life. In the final step of the research, a decision-making algorithm is developed to find the gears that emulate the ratios found in the optimal control design. The objective is to match the energy level as closely as possible, minimize the mass of the gears, and insure that tooth failure does not occur over the design life of the VRG. Recorded wind data of various wind classes is used to quantify the benefit of using the VRG. The results suggest that an optimized VRG design can increase wind energy production by roughly 10% at all of the sites in the study. / text

Total knee replacement is the gold standard treatment for restoring mobility and relieving pain associated with osteoarthritis when other medical therapy has failed. Revision surgery is necessary when the replaced knee fails, which is often a result of implant damage (such as wear) or poor kinematics. Design optimization is a method for finding the best shape for a component using an optimization approach considering one or multiple performance metrics. The shape of a parametric candidate design can be manipulated by an optimization algorithm, which seeks to minimize an objective function subject to performance constraints and design space limitations. During multiobjective design optimization, multiple performance measures are minimized simultaneously, the relative importance of each determined using a weighted sum. This approach can also be used to derive a Pareto curve or frontier which graphically describes the relationships (or trade-offs) between the performance measures. It was hypothesized that a trade-off exists between wear and kinematics performance in total knee replacements. The objective of this research was to test this hypothesis by using multiobjective design optimization to describe this relationship with a Pareto curve. It was first necessary to develop and validate numerical frameworks for wear and kinematics simulations, using models constructed using a parametric modeller. The Pareto curve was then generated using a combination of single objective and multiobjective design optimizations considering these two performance measures. Single objective optimization for wear yielded a theoretical design with superior wear resistance when compared to a typical commercially available knee design. Single objective optimization for kinematics yielded a theoretical design capable of higher flexion, as well as more natural laxity characteristics. After performing multiobjective design optimization, the resulting Pareto curve showed that there is, in fact, a trade-off between wear and kinematics performance. When considering optimum designs, in order to improve the wear performance it was necessary to sacrifice kinematics performance, and vice-versa. This previously suspected but never verified nor quantified relationship can be used to improve total knee replacement designs, as well as help healthcare providers select the best implants for their patients. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-04-14 13:43:42.639

Le renforcement du secteur de la transformation agroalimentaire est reconnu comme un élément moteur de développement des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, face à une importante croissance démographique accompagnée d’un fort taux d’urbanisation. Si les entreprises agroalimentaires créent localement de la valeur ajoutée et dynamisent la production agricole, elles éprouvent des difficultés pour se doter d’équipements efficients et assurer leur fourniture énergétique.Les méthodes de conception et d’optimisation des procédés agroalimentaires sont encore peu développées, du fait de la complexité de ces systèmes (composition et propriétés de l’aliment, variabilité et évolution de sa qualité, ...) dont la modélisation n’est pas aisée car elle requiert des connaissances pluridisciplinaires.Ce travail se propose de mettre en œuvre une méthode intégrée, déjà éprouvée dans d’autres domaines industriels, la méthode « Observation-Interprétation-Agrégation (O.I.A.) », et de l’appliquer à un procédé couplant une unité de conversion biomasse énergie à un séchoir de produits céréaliers. L’apport de bioénergie pour le séchage, opération très pratiquée en Afrique de l’Ouest mais énergivore constitue un enjeu pour les entreprises. La conception de ce procédé prend en compte des objectifs variés comme la qualité du produit séché, la fabrication locale et l’efficacité énergétique des équipements et ce, pour en garantir une meilleure durabilité.Dans une première partie, les modèles de transfert de chaleur et de perte de pression associés à un turbulateur elliptique innovant sont créés. Cet élément s’insère dans les tubes d’un échangeur de chaleur et améliore nettement le transfert thermique. Dans un deuxième temps, les variables de conception et d’observation du procédé sont définies et justifiées. Les modèles de représentation des différentes opérations unitaires sont développés et assemblés dans un simulateur afin de prédire les performances du procédé. Dans une dernière partie, le simulateur est intégré dans un environnement d’optimisation multicritère apte à formaliser, interpréter puis agréger les préférences des utilisateurs finaux. Ce processus s’appuie sur un algorithme génétique. La pertinence des solutions de conception du procédé performantes produites révèle tout l’intérêt et la performance de la méthode O.I.A. Le concepteur dispose ainsi d’éléments objectifs pour faire des choix et aller vers la réalisation d’installations de séchage durables en Afrique de l’Ouest. / The reinforcement of the food processing sector is recognized as a driving factor for the development of sub-Saharan African countries, faced with considerable major demographic growth accompanied by a high rate of urbanization. While the agribusiness companies generate added value locally and boost agricultural production, they find difficulties in obtaining efficient equipment and securing their energy supply.Agribusiness process design and optimization methods are still underdeveloped, due to the complexity of these systems (food composition and properties, variable and changing quality, etc.), modelling of which is not easy since it requires multidisciplinary knowledge.This work proposes to implement an integrated method, already proven in other industrial fields, the “Observation-Interpretation-Aggregation” method (OIA), and apply it to a process coupling a biomass energy conversion unit to a cereal products dryer. The bioenergy supply for drying, a very common practice in West Africa despite being energy-intensive, represents a challenge for the companies. The design of this process takes into account the various objectives such as quality of the dried product, local manufacture and the energy efficiency of the equipment, in order to guarantee better sustainability.First of all, the models for heat transfer and pressure loss associated with an innovative elliptic turbulator are created. This component is inserted into the tubes of a heat exchanger, and significantly improves heat transfer. Secondly, the process design and observation variables are defined and justified. The representation models of the various unit operations are developed and brought together in a simulator, in order to predict the process performances. Finally, the simulator is integrated into a multicriteria optimization environment able to formalize, interpret and then aggregate end user preferences. This procedure is based on a genetic algorithm. The relevance of the high-performance design solutions produced reveals the full benefit and performance of the OIA method. In this way, the designer obtains objective information on which to base their choices, and develop sustainable drying facilities for West Africa.