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Arthrogryposis, a congenital disorder characterized by multiple joint contractures, can limit one’s ability to perform even the simplest of tasks. The purpose of this paper is to outline the general limitations associated with arthrogryposis and examine the most common corrective procedures used to treat and manage deformities of the lower extremities. While the ultimate goal may be complete correction of the associated deformities, this may not be practical, as recurrence of contractures is common. Surgical and non-surgical methods discussed in this paper include casting with the Ponseti Method, use of bracing and night splinting, soft tissue release for the ankle and knee, talectomy and osteotomy procedures for the knee. The conclusions discussed in this paper determine that complete correction is not typically obtained, but quality of life can be improved through functional independence and ambulation when utilized in conjunction with thorough physical therapy rehabilitation.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of two speeds of isokinetic training on muscular strength, power and endurance on college females. The study involved thirty college females. Twenty of the subjects who served in the experimental groups were randomly assigned to one of two groups: fast speed or slow speed group. This was done after matching based on the pretest strength measure. Ten subjects who served as the control group were from a bowling class This investigation was conducted for seven weeks with a training frequency of three days per week. The experimental treatment was isokinetic training for right and left knee extensions. There were three sets of repetitions; each set lasted twenty seconds with a thirty second rest period between each set. The dependent variables measured were strength, Power I, Power II and muscular endurance for the right and left knee extension. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences between the groups on pretest measures. A comparison of the pretest and posttest means was made to determine differences resulting from training. Analysis of covariance was used for the posttest measures with pretest measures as covariates for the eight dependent variables. Results of statistical analysis indicated that no significant differences existed on the pretest treasures between the three groups in the eight variables with the exception of Power I for the right knee and endurance measure for the left knee extension. Posttest analysis revealed significant differences in all the eight dependent variables between the experimental groups and the control group. Also, significant differences existed between the fast speed and the slow speed groups for six of the eight variables. There were no significant differences on the strength measures between the experimental groups. The isokinetic training method was found to be effective in developing strength, power and muscular endurance. Also, the isokinetic fast speed was found to be a more effective way of bringing about power and muscular endurance development.

To date, there has been only limited research investigating the musculoskeletal health of Indigenous Australians. Nevertheless, the pain and disability associated with musculoskeletal conditions are thought to be high. This thesis reports on the outcomes of a cross-sectional survey and clinical assessment designed to measure the prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions, and uses them to inform the development of a community-based musculoskeletal training program for Indigenous Australians living in one of the largest rural Indigenous communities in Australia. There were three separate community-based studies comprising this thesis: The first describes the development of measures for assessing the prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions and the associated risk factors and barriers to managing these conditions for people living in this Community. The development of a screening survey and clinical assessment protocol was based on a literature search, existing validated measures, feedback from Indigenous focus groups and pilot testing with Indigenous people in order to achieve cultural appropriateness. The second study piloted the research tools, then measured and assessed the prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions, associated risk factors and barriers to managing these conditions in the Community. The third study describes the development and implementation of a preliminary community-based intervention delivered by AHWs that responded to the outcomes of the prevalence study. It assessed the cultural acceptability of a musculoskeletal training program (MTP), as well as piloting an approach to assessing changes in skills and knowledge of Aboriginal Health Workers (AHWs) who participated in the MTP. The conduct of these studies reiterates the difficulties associated with conducting studies in Indigenous Communities according to mainstream concepts, which rely on randomly selecting participants in order to achieve generalisability to the larger population. Beyond empowering Indigenous people through sustainable, community-based training initiatives, lies the immediate need to improve access to musculoskeletal health services and to remove this current and considerable barrier to improving the musculoskeletal health of Indigenous Australians. The conclusions of this thesis highlight the importance of giving consideration to cultural sensitivity and collaboration in planning health service delivery to Indigenous people. The application of the community-based model used in this study may have the potential to be seeded in Communities throughout the country as a step towards promoting the musculoskeletal health of Indigenous people living in rural Australia and beyond. / PhD Doctorate

Doctor of Philosophy / The aim of this research was to describe the epidemiology of musculoskeletal (MS) injuries in two- and three-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses. A 27 month longitudinal study commencing in May 2000 was conducted. The study convenience sampled 14 trainers with facilities at metropolitan and provincial racetracks in New South Wales, Australia. In the 2000/01 and 2001/02 racing season, 323 and 128 two-year-olds, respectively, were enrolled in the study. The 451 Thoroughbred horses contributed, 1, 272 preparations and 78, 154 training days to the study. Of the 323 horses enrolled in the 2000/01 racing season, 219 contributed three-year-old data to the study. During the study period 8%, of training days had missing training data and 3% of the 1, 986 starts in the races or barrier trials were incorrectly recorded. The rate of incorrect entries varied with both study month and trainer. Similarly, the rate of training days with missing data varied between trainers and with study month. Four hundred and twenty-eight MS injuries were recorded in association with 395 preparations in 248 two- and three-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses. The IR for all categories of MS injuries, except for tendon and ligament injuries, were higher in twoyear- olds than three-year-olds, although the differences were only significant for shin soreness. Seventy-eight percent of horses enrolled in the study started, in a barrier trial or race, within one year on entering the study. After accounting for other confounders, horses that had sustained a MS injury were 0.50 times less likely to start, in a race or trial, race than those that did not sustain an injury. Seventy percent of horses returned to training after their first MS injury, and the cumulative percentage of these horses that had recovered within six months of the initial MS injury was 55%. After adjusting for clustering at the level of the trainer, the analysis showed that horses that exercised at a gallop pace ≥ 890 m/minute (but had not started in a race) prior to the onset of MS injury, were 2.14 times more likely to recover than horses whose maximum speed, prior to the onset of the first MS injury, was less than 890 m/minute. Similarly, horses that had started in a race or barrier trial were 4.01 times more likely to recover than horses whose maximum speed was less than 890 m/minute. 8 Training days were grouped into units referred to as preparations. A preparation began on the day that the horse was enrolled in the study, or when a horse returned to training after an absence of more than seven days from the stable. The preparation continued until the horse was lost to follow-up or left the stable for a period of more than seven consecutive days. Univariable and multivariable analytical methods were used to examine the association between a range of independent variables and four preparationlevel measures of performance: (i) the duration of preparations, (ii) length of time from the beginning of the preparation until the first start in a race or barrier trial, (iii) length of time from the first start until the end of the preparation and (iv) rate of starts in races or barrier trials. After adjusting for confounders, younger horses tended to have shorter preparations, took longer to start in a race or barrier trial, had a shorter interval from the first start to the end of the preparation and fewer starts per 100 training days. MS injury was not conditionally associated with any of the outcomes considered in this chapter. Multivariate statistical models were used to explore risk factors for MS injuries. The results suggest that MS injuries involving structures in the lower forelimb (carpus to fetlock inclusive) could be reduced by limiting exposure to high-speed exercise. This supports the proposition that training injuries are caused by the accumulation of micro damage. The results suggest there are a number of other factors that vary at the trainer level that may be risk factors for injuries, in particular joint injuries. These include unmeasured variables such as the rate of increase in distance galloped at high-speed, conformation of the horse, skill of the riders and farrier and veterinary involvement.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-118).

<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomst av smärta som hindrade aktivitet hos barn och ungdomar med övervikt eller fetma. Samt att se förekomst av obehagskänslor inför och under fysisk aktivitet. Studien gjordes på 26 barn och ungdomar i åldrarna 8-19 år med övervikt eller fetma samt en grupp med 26 normalviktiga barn och ungdomar i åldrarna 10-19 år. Data samlades in genom en enkätundersökning på Överviktsenheten för barn och ungdomar på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala och genom dietister i primärvården i Uppsala läns landsting samt genom personliga kontakter. Studien visade att smärta förekom i båda grupperna och ingen skillnad kunde påvisas mellan de båda. Däremot visade resultaten  att barnen och ungdomarna med övervikt eller fetma skattade att de inte kunde delta i aktivitet på grund av smärta i större utsträckning än barnen och ungdomarna med normalvikt. Barnen och ungdomarna med övervikt eller fetma skattade också mer obehag inför och under fysisk aktivitet i jämförelse med normalviktiga barn och ungdomar.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2006. / Principal faculty advisor: John E . Novotny, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomst av smärta som hindrade aktivitet hos barn och ungdomar med övervikt eller fetma. Samt att se förekomst av obehagskänslor inför och under fysisk aktivitet. Studien gjordes på 26 barn och ungdomar i åldrarna 8-19 år med övervikt eller fetma samt en grupp med 26 normalviktiga barn och ungdomar i åldrarna 10-19 år. Data samlades in genom en enkätundersökning på Överviktsenheten för barn och ungdomar på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala och genom dietister i primärvården i Uppsala läns landsting samt genom personliga kontakter. Studien visade att smärta förekom i båda grupperna och ingen skillnad kunde påvisas mellan de båda. Däremot visade resultaten  att barnen och ungdomarna med övervikt eller fetma skattade att de inte kunde delta i aktivitet på grund av smärta i större utsträckning än barnen och ungdomarna med normalvikt. Barnen och ungdomarna med övervikt eller fetma skattade också mer obehag inför och under fysisk aktivitet i jämförelse med normalviktiga barn och ungdomar.