My thesis tested efect of mycorrhizal fungy on herbal cutting. There was two terms propagation of four species. Syringa meyeri 'Palibin', Forsythia x intermedia 'Maluch', Cornus alba and Berberis thunbergii 'Rose Glow'. Experiment had two variantion and three repeats. Plants couldn't be nursed. Most of the results are inconclusive, because of the high losses. For species of Syringa meyeri 'Palibin' was demonstrated high influence of mycorrhizal fungi. There were also differences in terms. Overlay film had a positive impact only on Cornus alba. For species Cornus alba and Forsythia x intermedia 'Maluch' second term was more successful. When propagation of mycorrhiza has high potential.

The aim of my thesis was experimental prove of the influence of mycorrhizal product in the production of nursery propagation by herbaceous cuttings. On trial were selected three plant species, Deutzia gracilis 'Nikko', Forsythia x intermedia 'Maluch' and Syringa meyeri 'Palibin'. The experiment was based on two dates, and was conducted of the Institution of cultivation and reproducing of garden plants of Garden faculty of the Mendel University in Lednice. Evaluation was carried out in two variants, after three repetitions. The first variant was a control without mycorrhizal product, the second was supplemented with mycorrhizal fungi. It evaluated the number of roots, number of branched roots, cuttings and mortality rate of colonization. Differences in rooting and branching roots were among species, and between terms. The positive effect of mycorrhizal fungi was at Deutzia gracilis 'Nikko' and Forsythia x intermedia 'Maluch'.

This thesis discusses the use of mycorrhizal fungi in nursery production. In the literature review there is summarized current knowledge regarding mycorrhiza and nursery production of ornamental plants. As a model plant for the experiment was used Spiraea bumalda "Anthony Waterer" and the experiment was conducted in the grounds of The Department of Breeding and Propagation in Lednice. There was applied mycorrhizal product Symbivit when planting in batch 6 g, 3 g, 1,5 g and 0 g. The plants were evaluated by parameters as plant height, diameter of root collar, the number of shoots. Then there were evaluated mycorrhizal colonization and volumes of roots balls in the laboratory. The experiment was described and evaluated statistically. The experiment resulted in the fact, that the more mycorrhizal product Symbivit is applied, the greater was the colonization. The mycorrhizal product had a positive effect on plant growth. The plants treated with product Symbivit in batch greater than 3 g proved a statistically significant difference in the monitored parameters compared to the control. There is also a economic viewpoint, the price of plants increases after the application of mycorrhizal product Simbivit.

In a three-year field experiment we evaluated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on physiological processes and fertility of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), there were two variants: inoculated with AMF compared to uninoculated control. The experiment took place at the Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, using Pinot noir and Lemberger planted as a field experiment and in containers (seedlings) and the second part took place in already established vineyard (mature plants). The positive effect of AMF on the must gained from mature plants of both varieties was observed at following parameters: sugar content, assimilable N, Mg and Fe. All the seedlings from both container and field experiment and both varieties demonstrated a positive effect of AMF on the intensity of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration level. The expected positive impact of AMF on all investigated parameters was not significatntly demonstrated, which corresponds with the results of current research on this topic.

This dissertation deals with the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in vegetable production. The completion of knowledge and confirmation of scientific hypothesis in practise is necessary to be done for each vegetable species. For these reasons the dissertation establishes the entire growing process of the leek (Allium porrum L.). The experiment explores the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the physiological, nutritional and yield parameters of the leek crop. The literary review focuses on the mycorrhizal symbiosis as entire complex and shows an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, its basic function, usage and impact on plants. Several parts of literary review mention the transfer of elements from the soil to the roots of plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and currently valid nomenclature is also listed. The experimental part is focused on a trial with several species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their combinations. The morphological evaluation of pre-cultivated leeks and also field grown plants was focused on the comparison of length and weight of the plants. Nutritional assessments are focused primarily on the vitamin C, total antioxidant capacity, content of nitrates, content of phosphorus and nitrogen in plant tissues. In the pursuance to our results, it is possible to say, that certain variants of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi had positive influence on the height of pre-cultivated leeks, and a positive trend was also confirmed during the evaluation of the content of antioxidants. The amount of heavy metals in plant tissues was reduced by combination of fungi R. intraradices and C. claroideum. The positive influence of inoculation was also observed at the reduction of nitrates in 2014. Overall, we can say that using of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the cultivation of leeks (Allium porrum L.) contribute to a positive effect on plants and yield, especially in the years with extreme weather conditions during growing season.

Seagrasses are the only group of submerged plants that are permanently growing in marine environment. They play an important role in the sea bottom ecosystem. Seagrasses are primary producers capable of accumulation and deposition of carbon. They influence water flow at the sea bottom and form symbioses with variety of organisms. Our knowledge of symbiotic interactions of seagrasses is still limited even though several studies of the topic have been carried out in recent years. Unlike most of terrestrial plants, seagrasses are generally considered as plants that do not form any specific associations with mycorrhizal or endophytic fungi. Surprisingly, we have discovered a novel fungal endophytic association in roots of Mediterranean endemic seagrass species Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Morphology of this symbiotic fungi strongly resembles common symbiotic fungi of terrestrial plants, dark septate endophytes (DSE). We sampled roots of P. oceanica in large area of the Mediterranean from southeastern Spain to Albania and described range and taxonomical classification of the endophyte using microscopy, in vitro cultivation and molecular determination. Roots of P. oceanica in whole area of study are colonized by mere two endophytic fungal species. Over 90 % of the fungal symbionts belong to a single...

All orchid species studied so far have been shown to participate in orchideoid mycorrhizal symbiosis. Morover, this symbiosis is absolutely vital component of their life cycle. Exchange of nutrients occurs between symbionts where the fungi provides the orchid with energy and carbon supply at least in its early developmental stages. This study focuses on the possible role of trehalose in this transfer. In vitro experiments have showed in five species from three different subfamilies of Orchidaceae family that they can utilize trehalose comparably with sucrose and glucose. Thus, the ability of trehalose utilization seems to be conserved among orchids. Trehalase enzyme activity was localized histochemically in orchid mycorrhizas. The activity strongly colocalized with colonized tissue supporting a hypothesis that trehalose transfer occurs in this site and is mediated by trehalase. Using bioinformatic methods, trehalase gene duplications were identified in many taxons of Embryophyta including three orchid species. Interestingly, highest number of trehalase gene copies was identified in genome of orchid Dactylorhiza majalis. Trehalose utilization, high trehalase activity in mycorrhizas and trehalase gene duplications in some orchids together indicate that trehalose transfer in orchid myccorhizas...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, a widespread plant-fungal relationship, is based on reciprocal resource exchange. The functioning of this fragile relationship balances on the scale from mutualism to parasitism, depending on the specific context. The thesis aims to interlink the functioning of AM symbiosis both with the composition of AM fungal communities and with different abiotic conditions. The thesis is divided into a methodological and a factual part and consists of three publications and one manuscript. All experiments were conducted in greenhouse conditions with medic (Medicago sp.) as host plant. Host plants were inoculated with single AM fungal species in Paper I and II, and with a synthetic AM fungal community of five species in Paper III and IV. The host plant identity, the amount of phosphorus (P) in substrate and the type of substrate played an important role for the achievement of mutualistic AM symbiosis, as demonstrated in Paper I. Paper II showed that mitochondrial and nuclear qPCR markers can be used alternatively for the quantification of particular AM fungal species. However, intraradical fungal biomass was better related to copy numbers of nuclear DNA than of mitochondrial DNA. The functioning of AM symbiosis was modulated by the availability of P, light and water,...

Invasive plants represent an important topic of study in current ecology because of their effects on whole ecosystems. The plants interact with the soil including soil biota, with the other plants in the community and with other organisms, eg. herbivores. Invasive plants often differ from non- invasive plants in nutrient utilization and can thus affect soil pH as well. They may also differ in the way they interact with mycorrhizal fungi that help the plants with nutrient uptake. In this study, the effect of invasive and native plants on soil properties is compared. Congeneric pairs of species, where one species is native and the other invasive, are compared. The native species are chosen so that they are dominant and therefore comparable to the invasive plants in the new environment. The evaluated soil properties are pH value and content of elemental nutrients from abiotic properties, and the amount of mycorrhizal fungi propagules and their spreading rate in soil from the biotic properties. In this study, the invasive and native plants differ only in the content of exchangeable phosphorus and potassium. Content of these two nutrients and one of the indicators of mycorrhizal fungi differ within the pairs of species as well. For most soil properties, the genus of the plant plays the main role, not...

Perhaps all orchids are mycotrophic at early developmental stages, while majority of species photosynthesize at adulthood and only about 200 species remain fully mycotrophic for the whole life. Mycotrophy affects orchids at many levels. In this thesis, I focus on four aspects of orchid biology, which could be connected with mycotrophy: (i) systematics, (ii) genome size and endoreduplication, (iii) regulation of seed germination and (iv) mechanism of transfer of carbon and energy from fungi to orchids. There are over 27,000 recently recognized orchid species, nevertheless new ones are still discovering and old ones are revisiting. In this work I present a description of new species, Cleisostoma yersinii, and its morphological, anatomical, ecological and systematic characterization. Phylogeny reconstruction confirmed relationship with C. birmanicum. In the subtribe Podochileae, I reappraised the genus Campanulorchis to establish monophyletic but also morphologically defined group. For both abovementioned genera I prepared the artificial identification key. In the genus Dactylorhiza I revised taxa present in our country and I prepared an identification key which firstly mentions D. maculata subsp. elodes from Czech Republic. Orchid species diversity is probably reflected in genome structure. Results...