Thesis--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Human Physiology and Pharmacology.

Würzburg, University, Diss., 2002. / Dateien im PDF-Format.

Includes index / Bibliography: leaves 400-425 / [10], 431, ca. 90 leaves, [36] leaves of plates : ill., maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Zoology, 1988

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Flinders University, School of Medicine, Dept. of Immunology, Allergy and Arthritis. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (M.S.) in Entomology--University of Maine, 2007. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-52).

No description available.

Division of reproductive labour in societies represents a topic of interest in evolutionary biology at least since Darwin. The puzzle of how helpers can be selected for, in spite of their reduced fertility has found an explanation in the kin selection theory: workers can overcome the cost of helping and of forgiving direct reproduction by rearing sufficiently related individuals. However, in the Hymenoptera, little is known on the proximate mechanisms that regulate the division of labour in colonies. Our knowledge is based on several "primitive" ants from the subfamily Ponerinae and two highly eusocial Hymenoptera species. In the former, the dominance hierarchies allowing for the establishment of individuals as reproductives are well understood. In contrast, the pheromonal mechanisms that help maintain their reproductive status are not understood. Similarly in "higher" ants, pheromonal regulation mechanisms of worker reproduction by queens remain largely unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the modalities of production, distribution and action, as well as the identity of the queen pheromones affecting worker reproduction in the ant Myrmecia gulosa. This species belongs to the poorly studied subfamily Myrmeciinae, which is endemic to the Australian region. The subfamily represents, together with the Ponerinae, the most "primitive" ants: their morphology is close to that of the hypothetical ancestor of ants, and the specialisation of queens is weaker than that of "higher" ants. Simple regulation mechanisms were therefore expected to facilitate the investigation. The first step in this study was to characterise the morphological specialisation of queens and workers, and to determine the differences in reproductive potential associated with this specialisation. This study contributes to our understanding of the link between regulation of division of reproductive labour and social complexity. Furthermore, it will help shed light on the reproductive biology in the poorly known subfamily Myrmeciinae. Queens were recognised by workers on the basis of cuticular as well as gland extracts or products. What is the exact function of the multiple pheromones identified and how they interact remains to be determined. This could help understand why queen "signal" in a "primitive" ant with weakly specialised queens such as M. gulosa appears to be as complex as in highly eusocial species. Primer pheromones act on workers? physiology and have long-term effect. Whether workers of M. gulosa reproduce or not is determined by the detection of a queen pheromone of this type. Direct physical contact with the queen is necessary for workers to detect this pheromone. Thus, the colony size of M. gulosa is compatible with a simple system of pheromone perception by workers based on direct physical contact with the queen. When prevented from establishing physical contact with their queen, some workers start to reproduce and are policed by nestmates. The low volatility of the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), their repartition over the entire cuticle and the existence of queen and worker specific CHC profiles suggest that these chemicals constitute a queen pheromone. Importance of HC versus non-HC compounds was confirmed by bioassaying purified fraction of both classes of chemicals. This study demonstrates for the first time that purified HCs indeed are at the basis of the recognition of reproductive status. This supports the idea that they are also at the basis of the recognition of queens by their workers. As CHCs profiles of workers and queens become similar with acquisition of reproductive status, they represent honest fertility markers. These markers could be used as signals of the presence of reproductives in the colonies, and represent the basis of the regulation of division of reproductive labour. / In der Evolutionsbiologie stellt die Arbeitsteilung in Sozietäten spätestens seit Darwin ein Interessensgebiet dar. Die Frage nach der Selektion von Helfern, trotz ihrer reduzierten Fruchtbarkeit, hat eine Erklärung in der Verwandenselektionstheorie gefunden: Arbeiterinnen können die Kosten des Helfens und eingeschränkter direkter Fortpflanzung überwinden, indem sie ausreichend verwandte Individuen aufziehen. Bei den Hymenopteren ist über die proximaten Mechanismen, welche die Arbeitsteilung in den Kolonien regulieren, allerdings nur wenig bekannt. Unser Wissen basiert auf den Ergebnissen von wenigen Untersuchungen an einigen "primitiven" Ameisen der Unterfamilie Ponerinae und zwei hochsozialen Hymenoptera-Arten. Bei "primitiven" Ameisenarten sind die Dominanzhierachien welche die Bildung von fortpflanzungsfähigen Individuen erlauben, gut untersucht. Im Gegensatz dazu sind die chemischen Signale, welche ihren reproduktiven Status aufrechterhalten, noch nicht aufgeklärt. Ebenso sind die pheromonellen Regulationsmechanismen der Arbeiterinnenreproduktion durch die Königin in "höherentwickelten" Ameisenarten weitgehend unbekannt. Das Ziel der Studie an Myrmecia gulosa war die Bestimmung der Modalitäten von Produktion, Verbreitung und Funktion der Königinpheromone, sowie Aufklärung ihrer stofflichen Zusammensetzung. Die untersuchte Art gehört zu den bisher wenig beachteten Myrmeciinae und kommt endemisch in Australien vor. Zusammen mit den Ponerinae weist diese Subfamilie die "primitivsten" Ameisenarten auf. Die Morphologie der Ameisen ist angelehnt an die der hypothetischen Vorfahren und ihre soziale Organisation ist weniger komplex als die "höherentwickelter" Arten. Es wurden daher einfache Mechanismen erwartet, die helfen sollten, die Regulation der reproduktiven Arbeitsteilung bei "primitiven" Ameisen mit einer morphologisch spezialisierten Königin zu verstehen. Der erste Teil der Studie sollte die morphologische Spezialisation der Königinnen und der Arbeiterinnen charakterisieren, bzw. den Unterschied im reproduktiven Potential, welcher mit dieser Spezialisierung verbunden ist, bestimmen. Die Untersuchung trägt zum Verständnis der Verknüpfungen zwischen Regulation der reproduktiven Arbeitsteilung und sozialer Komplexität bei. Überdies wird sie helfen, Licht auf die Fortpflanzungsbiologie der wenig bekannten Subfamilie der Myrmeciinae zu werfen. Königinen werden von den Arbeiterinnen aufgrund ihrer kutikulären sowie ihrer exokrinen Extrakte oder Produkte erkannt. Die exakte Funktion der multiplen Pheromone und wie sie interagieren muß noch untersucht werden. Allerdings könnte dies helfen zu verstehen, warum "Königinsignale" bei einer "primitiven" Ameise wie M. gulosa, mit einer wenig spezialisierten Königin, anscheinend komplexer sind, als in höheren eusozialen Arten. Primer-Pheromone wirken sich auf die Physiologie der Arbeiterinnen aus und haben einen Langzeiteffekt. Ob Arbeiterinnen von M. gulosa reproduzieren oder nicht, hängt von der Erkennung eines Königinpheromons dieser Art ab. Nur nach direktem physischen Kontakt mit ihrer Königin nehmen die Arbeiterinnen dieses Pheromon wahr. Daher paßt die Koloniegröße von M. gulosa zu dem einfachen System der Pheromonwahrnehmung basierend auf direktem physischen Kontakt zur Königin. Wenn physischer Kontakt zur Königin unterbunden wird, beginnen einige Arbeiterinnen mit der Reproduktion werden dann aber von Nestgenossen durch "Policing" davon abgehalten. Die geringe Flüchtigkeit von der Kutikuläre Kohlenwasserstoffe (KKW´s), ihre Verteilung über den ganzen Körper und die Existenz von königin- und arbeiterspezifischen KKW-Profilen deuten auf ihre Funktion als Königinpheromon hin. Um die Bedeutung der Komponenten zu unterstreichen, wurden KW-Fraktionen gegen Nicht-KW-Fraktionen in Biotests untersucht. Diese Studie demonstriert zum ersten Mal, dass die KW Fraktion tatsächlich die Basis zur Erkennung des reproduktiven Status bilden. Das unterstützt auch die Idee, dass sie als Grundlage für die Erkennung der Königin durch die Arbeiterinnen dienen. Die Kohlenwasserstoffprofile von Arbeiterinnen und Königin gleichen sich mit Erwerb des reproduktiven Status aneinander an. Sie könnten somit ein ehrliches Erkennungsmerkmal für Fruchtbarkeit darstellen. Diese Merkmale könnten als ehrliches Signal der Anwesenheit reproduktiver Individuen in der Kolonie benutzt werden und die Basis der Regulation der reproduktiven Arbeitsteilung darstellen.

Background: Myrmecia pilosula (the jack jumper ant, JJA) is the principal cause of ant venom anaphylaxis in Australia. Whereas honeybee and wasp venom allergy can be treated by venom immunotherapy (VIT), no such treatment is available for ant sting allergy. In addition, information on the natural history of JJA sting allergy is required to identify those most likely to benefit from immunotherapy. The main objectives of this research were to establish: (i) the prevalence, natural history and determinants of reaction severity for JJA allergy, and; (ii) the efficacy and tolerability of JJA VIT. Methods: A search of the Royal Hobart Hospital (RHH) forensic register, a random telephone survey, and a review of emergency department (ED) presentations were performed. Three hundred eighty-eight JJA allergic volunteers were assessed, including serum venom-specific IgE RAST, and then followed up for accidental stings over a 4-year period. Finally, a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of JJA VIT was performed. Laboratory parameters measured during the trial were; leukocyte stimulation index (SI), IL-4 production, IgE RAST, histamine release test (HRT), leukotriene release test (LRT) and basophil activation test (BAT). Intradermal venom skin testing (VST) was also performed at trial entry. Findings: The prevalence of JJA sting allergy was 2.7% in the Tasmanian population, compared to 1.4% for honeybee. People aged 35 or older had a greater risk of both sting allergy and hypotensive reactions. Four deaths were identified, all in adults with significant comorbidities. During follow-up, 79 (70%) of 113 accidental jack jumper stings caused systemic reactions. Only prior worst reaction severity predicted the severity of follow-up reactions, with the majority of people experiencing similar or less severe reactions when stung again. Sixty-eight otherwise healthy JJA allergic adult volunteers were enrolled in the clinical trial. Systemic reactions to therapy were recorded in 34% during VIT. Objectively defined systemic reactions to sting challenges arose in 1/35 after VIT (mild self-limiting urticaria only) versus 21/29 in the placebo group. Treatment with oxygen, intravenous adrenaline infusion and volume resuscitation was effective and well tolerated. Hypotension was always accompanied by a relative bradycardia, which was severe and treated with atropine in two patients. In the placebo group, only VST and HRT were predictive of sting challenge results. Although IgE RAST, leukocyte SI and IL-4 production, LRT and BAT all correlated well with VST, they did not predict sting challenge outcome. After successful VIT, venom-induced leukocyte IL-4 production tended to fall, whereas IgE RAST increased and a natural decline in HRT reactivity was reversed. Interpretation: VIT is highly effective in prevention of JJA sting anaphylaxis and is likely to be of most benefit to people with a history of severe systemic reactions, which usually occur in people aged over 35. Neurocardiogenic mechanisms &/or direct cardiac effects may be important factors in some anaphylaxis deaths. Systemic reactions to immunotherapy are common and require immediate access to resuscitation facilities. The HRT warrants further investigation as a test for selecting those most likely to benefit from VIT. None of the tests evaluated appear to be reliable markers of successful VIT.

No description available.

Psora decipiens is a characteristic species of the terricolous lichen community Toninio-Psoretum decipientis distributed mostly on calcareous or basic substrates. The community consists in various modifications of lichens Placidium squamulosum, Toninia sedifolia, T. opuntioides, Fulgensia fulgens, F. bracteata and others. Photobionts of the lichen Psora decipiens were determined. Psora decipiens shared with Placidium sp. the single photobiont species, a common terrestrial alga Myrmecia israeliensis. Cloning of ITS rDNA revealed high intrathalline variability in M. israeliensis within a single lichen thallus. Several genotypes were often found in a thallus, uncovering either a high mutation rate of the algae or constant relichenization processes. Saxicolous Psora species (P. testacea, P. himalayana, P. valesiaca and P. rubiformis) had M. biatorellae as a photobiont, indicating a possible photobiont influence on substrate specifity of Psora lichens. Finally, the proper methodology used for identification of lichen photobionts is discussed. For a correct photobiont identification, morphological investigations of intrathaline diversity combined with coherent molecular techniques are needed. Such procedure was not applied in the former studies of Psora decipiens, resulting in a poor characterization of...