Atualmente as agências reguladoras estão focadas no controle de resíduos de antimicrobianos, pesticidas entre outros que são prejudiciais no meio ambiente, saúde humana e animal e que podem ser encontrados em alimentos, água de rio entre outros, como por exemplo, resíduos de sulfonamidas (SAs) no leite bovino. A quantificação desses compostos em amostras complexas requer o preparo da amostra, extração, préconcentração dos analitos e eliminação dos interferentes que são necessários para o desenvolvimento de métodos cromatográficos. Por isso, é vantajoso que se utilize métodos simples, rápidos, baixo consumo de reagente, alta sensibilidade, maior precisão analítica e automação das análises. Neste contexto, este estudo explora uma das técnicas de preparo de amostra baseadas em sorvente mais empregadas a SPE na sua vertente automatizada, SPE on-line. Recentemente, o uso de novos sorventes mais seletivos têm recebido grande interesse como os líquidos iônicos (ILs) imobilizados na sílica. Diferentes abordagens para a síntese da sílica modificada por ILs foram estudadas. O sorvente sintetizado pela reação sol-gel através via catálise básica apresentou maior eficiência de extração para as SAs. Os resultados obtidos por espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho e microscopia eletrônica de varredura sugerem que o IL foi ancorado à sílica. O sorvente baseado em sílica modificada por IL ([C4MIM] [PF6]) foi selecionada como fase extratora para o isolamento e pré-concentração de SAs em leite bovino utilizando um sistema SPE on-line -LC-ESIQToF / MS. O método desenvolvido mostrou um LOQ de 5-7,5 µg mL-1, enquanto que a faixa de recuperação relativa da extração foi de 74-93%. A faixa de precisão e exatidão intra e inter-dia obtida foi de 1,5-12,5 e 2,3-13,1, respectivamente. Outra vertente explorada neste trabalho foi o uso de colunas tubulares abertas (OT) em cromatografia líquida. Até agora, as colunas OT foram usadas principalmente para análise de peptídeos e proteínas, e seu potencial para a separação de pequenas moléculas ainda não foi totalmente explorado. Preparou-se uma coluna de SPE de 5 cm em um tubo capilar aberto composto por 84 canais (10 μm de diâmetro interno (id) cada) de um capilar de fibra de cristal e a parede interna de cada canal foi revestida com um polímero orgânico -OD –DVB – mPLOT SPE). A mPLOT SPE foi acoplada com uma coluna tubular aberta PS-DVB de 10 μm x 2 m com detecção em espectrometria de massa por nanospray (OTLC-MS) no modo positivo. Num estudo comparativo com colunas de SPE monolíticas e empacotadas a mPLOT SPE-OTLC melhorou significativamente a préconcentração e o formato do pico das SAs e seus metabolitos (~ 300 Da). A baixa backpressure e a geometria da mPLOT SPE combinada com a filtração automática (AFFL). / Nowadays health regulatory agencies are focusing on the presence of residues of antimicrobials, pesticides among other that are harmful to the environment, human and animal health that are found on food, river water among others, as example, the residues of sulfonamides (SAs) in bovine milk. The quantification of these compounds in complex matrices requires the sample preparation, extraction and preconcentration of the analytes, besides the elimination of the interferents for the development of chromatographic methods high sensitivity and analytical selectivity. Therefore, it is advantageous to use simple, fast methods that exhibit high selectivity, low reagent consumption, high sensitivity, higher analytical precision and automation of analyzes. In this context, this study explores one of the most employed sample preparation techniques, solid phase extraction (SPE) on automatization approach, the on-line SPE. Recently, the use of new sorbents more selective have received great interest as the ionic liquids (ILs) immobilized on the silica surface. Different approaches to the synthesis of silica modified by ILs were studied. The sorbent synthesized by sol-gel methodology through basic catalysis showed higher extraction efficiency for SAs. The results obtained by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy suggested that IL was anchored to the silica surface. The silica modified by IL ([C4MIM] [PF6]) was selected as sorbent for the isolation and preconcentration of SAs in bovine milk using an on-line SPE system -LC-ESI-QToF / MS. The method showed a LOQ of 5-7.5 μg mL-1, while the relative extraction recovery range was 74-93%. The accuracy and precision intra- and inter-day range was 1.5-12.5 and 2.3-13.1, respectively. Another aspect explored was the use of open tubular column (OT) for separation of small molecules. OT columns have been used primarily for peptide and protein analysis, and their potential for small molecules separation has not yet been fully explored. A 5 cm SPE column (mPLOT) was prepared in an open capillary tube composed by 84 channels (10 μm inner diameter (id) each) of a crystal fiber capillary and the inner wall of each channel was coated by organic polymer (PS-OD–DVB). The mPLOT was coupled with a 10 μm x 2 m PS-OD-DVB open tubular column with positive mode nanospray mass spectrometry (OTLC-MS) detection. Compared to the use of monolithic / particulate SPE columns, SPE-OTLC mPLOT significantly improved the preconcentration and peak forms of SAs and their metabolites (~ 300 Da). Low backpressure, mPLOT geometry and the combination with automatic filtration (AFFL) was essential to sample preparation and separation of small molecules on complex matrices.

Atualmente as agências reguladoras estão focadas no controle de resíduos de antimicrobianos, pesticidas entre outros que são prejudiciais no meio ambiente, saúde humana e animal e que podem ser encontrados em alimentos, água de rio entre outros, como por exemplo, resíduos de sulfonamidas (SAs) no leite bovino. A quantificação desses compostos em amostras complexas requer o preparo da amostra, extração, préconcentração dos analitos e eliminação dos interferentes que são necessários para o desenvolvimento de métodos cromatográficos. Por isso, é vantajoso que se utilize métodos simples, rápidos, baixo consumo de reagente, alta sensibilidade, maior precisão analítica e automação das análises. Neste contexto, este estudo explora uma das técnicas de preparo de amostra baseadas em sorvente mais empregadas a SPE na sua vertente automatizada, SPE on-line. Recentemente, o uso de novos sorventes mais seletivos têm recebido grande interesse como os líquidos iônicos (ILs) imobilizados na sílica. Diferentes abordagens para a síntese da sílica modificada por ILs foram estudadas. O sorvente sintetizado pela reação sol-gel através via catálise básica apresentou maior eficiência de extração para as SAs. Os resultados obtidos por espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho e microscopia eletrônica de varredura sugerem que o IL foi ancorado à sílica. O sorvente baseado em sílica modificada por IL ([C4MIM] [PF6]) foi selecionada como fase extratora para o isolamento e pré-concentração de SAs em leite bovino utilizando um sistema SPE on-line -LC-ESIQToF / MS. O método desenvolvido mostrou um LOQ de 5-7,5 µg mL-1, enquanto que a faixa de recuperação relativa da extração foi de 74-93%. A faixa de precisão e exatidão intra e inter-dia obtida foi de 1,5-12,5 e 2,3-13,1, respectivamente. Outra vertente explorada neste trabalho foi o uso de colunas tubulares abertas (OT) em cromatografia líquida. Até agora, as colunas OT foram usadas principalmente para análise de peptídeos e proteínas, e seu potencial para a separação de pequenas moléculas ainda não foi totalmente explorado. Preparou-se uma coluna de SPE de 5 cm em um tubo capilar aberto composto por 84 canais (10 μm de diâmetro interno (id) cada) de um capilar de fibra de cristal e a parede interna de cada canal foi revestida com um polímero orgânico -OD –DVB – mPLOT SPE). A mPLOT SPE foi acoplada com uma coluna tubular aberta PS-DVB de 10 μm x 2 m com detecção em espectrometria de massa por nanospray (OTLC-MS) no modo positivo. Num estudo comparativo com colunas de SPE monolíticas e empacotadas a mPLOT SPE-OTLC melhorou significativamente a préconcentração e o formato do pico das SAs e seus metabolitos (~ 300 Da). A baixa backpressure e a geometria da mPLOT SPE combinada com a filtração automática (AFFL). / Nowadays health regulatory agencies are focusing on the presence of residues of antimicrobials, pesticides among other that are harmful to the environment, human and animal health that are found on food, river water among others, as example, the residues of sulfonamides (SAs) in bovine milk. The quantification of these compounds in complex matrices requires the sample preparation, extraction and preconcentration of the analytes, besides the elimination of the interferents for the development of chromatographic methods high sensitivity and analytical selectivity. Therefore, it is advantageous to use simple, fast methods that exhibit high selectivity, low reagent consumption, high sensitivity, higher analytical precision and automation of analyzes. In this context, this study explores one of the most employed sample preparation techniques, solid phase extraction (SPE) on automatization approach, the on-line SPE. Recently, the use of new sorbents more selective have received great interest as the ionic liquids (ILs) immobilized on the silica surface. Different approaches to the synthesis of silica modified by ILs were studied. The sorbent synthesized by sol-gel methodology through basic catalysis showed higher extraction efficiency for SAs. The results obtained by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy suggested that IL was anchored to the silica surface. The silica modified by IL ([C4MIM] [PF6]) was selected as sorbent for the isolation and preconcentration of SAs in bovine milk using an on-line SPE system -LC-ESI-QToF / MS. The method showed a LOQ of 5-7.5 μg mL-1, while the relative extraction recovery range was 74-93%. The accuracy and precision intra- and inter-day range was 1.5-12.5 and 2.3-13.1, respectively. Another aspect explored was the use of open tubular column (OT) for separation of small molecules. OT columns have been used primarily for peptide and protein analysis, and their potential for small molecules separation has not yet been fully explored. A 5 cm SPE column (mPLOT) was prepared in an open capillary tube composed by 84 channels (10 μm inner diameter (id) each) of a crystal fiber capillary and the inner wall of each channel was coated by organic polymer (PS-OD–DVB). The mPLOT was coupled with a 10 μm x 2 m PS-OD-DVB open tubular column with positive mode nanospray mass spectrometry (OTLC-MS) detection. Compared to the use of monolithic / particulate SPE columns, SPE-OTLC mPLOT significantly improved the preconcentration and peak forms of SAs and their metabolites (~ 300 Da). Low backpressure, mPLOT geometry and the combination with automatic filtration (AFFL) was essential to sample preparation and separation of small molecules on complex matrices.

En contrôlant le passage para- et transcellulaire des composés du sang vers le cerveau (et inversement), la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) constitue la « gardienne » du compartiment cérébral. Bien que relativement connu dans son aspect physiologique, le phénotype BHE des cellules endothéliales des capillaires cérébraux (BCECs) reste mal compris au regard des mécanismes moléculaires qui gouvernent son établissement et son maintien. Dans cette optique, à l’aide du modèle in vitro de BHE développé au laboratoire (co-culture de BCECs bovines et de cellules gliales de rats), nous avons réalisé deux études protéomiques comparatives afin d’identifier les protéines cytoplasmiques potentiellement impliquées dans l’induction et le maintien de ce phénotype: d’une part une approche qualitative sans marquage (label free) et d’autre part une approche quantitative grâce à un marquage isotopique préalable des protéines (isotope-coded protein label, ICPL). Les deux approches, label free et ICPL se sont révélées complémentaires et ont permis, respectivement, l’identification de 447 et de 412 protéines (dont 290 quantifiées). Quatre protéines d’un intérêt particulier dans le domaine de la BHE (phosphatase alcaline tissu-non spécifique, TNAP ; protéine 1 possédant un domaine d’homologie à Eps15, EHD1 ; superoxyde dismutase, SODC et homologue 7 de la protéine de la maladie de Parkinson PARK7, DJ-1) ont fait l’objet de caractérisations biochimiques approfondies et ouvrent des pistes d’investigation sur des potentielles voies cellulaires induites par les cellules gliales et impliquées dans le phénotype BHE. / The blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls the para- and transcellular crossing of compounds from blood to brain (and inversely) and establishes the “gatekeepers” of the brain. The major part of therapeutic drugs developed to fight the brain diseases is deemed inefficient in vivo due to the presence of the BBB that they are unable to cross. Although relatively well known in its physiological aspect, the BBB phenotype of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) remains largely under known and misunderstood in regards of the molecular mechanisms that govern its establishment and its maintenance. To this goal, using the in vitro BBB model developed in the laboratory (co-culture of bovine BCECs with rat glial cells), we performed two differential proteomic studies to identify the main cytoplasmic proteins involved in the establishment and maintenance of this phenotype: a qualitative label free approach and a quantitative isotope-coded protein labeling (ICPL) approach.The two different approaches, label free and ICPL, are complementary and led to the identification of 447 and 412 proteins, respectively. Four proteins of particular interest for BBB (tissue-non specific alkaline phosphatase, TNAP; Eps15 homology domain containing protein 1, EHD1; superoxide dismutase, SODC and Parkinson disease protein 7 homolog PARK7, DJ-1) have been more deeply studied and they open new discovery prospects related to cellular pathways induced by glial cells and involved in the BBB phenotype.

Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei is a biotroph pathogen that causes powdery mildew disease in barley. In this study, Pallas01 and Pallas03 barley lines having Mla1, Ml (Al2) and Mla6, Mla14 R-genes were inoculated with Bgh103(64/01) race of the Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei having avirulence and virulence to Pallas01 and Pallas03, respectively. The proteins were isolated from the three biological replicates of 12, 24, and 48 hpi samples following the method in Rampitsch et al., 2006. These there biological replicates of three time points together with the mock inoculated plant proteins were separated on 2D-PAGE using IPG strips of 4-7 pH values as three technical replicates, resulting 108 gels. The gels were analyzed using PdQuest (Bio Rad) in order to assess up- or down-regulated protein spots by comparing against controls and the samples having resistance or susceptible responses with each other. According to the analysis, 36 proteins were found to be differentiated and among them 18 proteins were found up-regulated and 8 proteins were found down-regulated. The spots were manually v excised and subjected to the nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis (Proteome Factory, Germany). The MASCOT algorithm was used for identification of the possible proteins. The experimental pI and MW values were used for selecting the differentiated proteins from the mass results. The relative abundance of each of the 38 identified polypeptides was calculated in terms of spot intensity. The majority of the most abundant proteins were found to be carbohydrate metabolism related. The relative distribution of the proteins into four main functional categories was taken into consideration. Statistical tests (Students&amp / #8223 / T-test) were carried among the identified proteins in order to reveal statistically significant proteins throughout the study. By making a WoLF PSORT search, subcellular localization of the proteins was predicted. Accordingly, most of the proteins were found to be located in cytoplasm or chloroplast.