Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:19:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GISELIA BRITO DOS SANTOS.pdf: 1227926 bytes, checksum: a2e2667d79b93650a9379c71d706e2cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-16 / This paper presents an analysis of the nasality in the speech community of Fortaleza Nogueiras-MA, is which the postulates of the structuralism and generative theory are used to present nasal phonemes in the Portuguese language in Brazil and particulary in the analyzed corpus. The informants of this research are people with low formal education, who have always lived in rural areas, and they are over 60 years old. The Field Research was used in the data collection, phonographic transcription in the record, and the analytical descriptive method to analyze them. The theoretical framework presents issues related to Phonetics, mainly the Articulatory Phonetics; the Phonology, especially the Linear Phonology; and Morphology, with issues related to the definition and formation of words, particularly in diminutive and augmentative degree. We present a historical overview of consonants and vowel phonemes, in which we have focused the nasal phonemes, and their transformations, from Latin to Portuguese. With respect to Brazilian Portuguese, we describe the nasality from the conception of nasal phonemes of Camara Jr. (1970), also the progressive and regressive spreading concepts and the nasality treatment within the syllable. The main focus for this analysis is the progressive and regressive spreading of nasal resonance, from the three nasal consonant phonemes, that belongs to the Portuguese language / m /, / n / e // in grammatical and phonological words. For this analysis, it was considered the intralingual aspects as phonetic-phonological environmental, stress, syllable structure, words boundaries, grammatical and phonological words. We have discussed the nasality in the formation of diminutives and augmentative degrees and, lastly, we have presented some progressive and regressive nasalization rules, based on the features model proposed by Chomsky and Halle (1968 apud MATZENAUER) / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da nasalidade na comunidade de fala de Fortaleza dos Nogueiras-MA, em que são utilizados os postulados da teoria estruturalista e da teoria gerativista para a apresentação dos fonemas nasais na língua portuguesa do Brasil e, especificamente, no corpus analisado. Os informantes da pesquisa são pessoas com baixa escolaridade, que sempre viveram na zona rural e que têm a partir de 60 anos. Utilizamos a pesquisa de campo para a coleta dos dados, a transcrição fonográfica para o registro e o método descritivo analítico para analisá-los. O referencial teórico apresenta questões relacionadas à Fonética, especialmente à Fonética Articulatória; à Fonologia, com destaque para a Fonologia Linear; e à Morfologia com questões relacionadas à definição e à formação de palavras, particularmente à formação dos graus diminutivo e aumentativo. Apresentamos um apanhado histórico dos fonemas consonânticos e vocálicos, em que enfocamos os fonemas nasais e as suas transformações, desde o latim ao português. No que diz respeito ao português brasileiro, descrevemos a nasalidade a partir da concepção de fonemas nasais de Camara Jr. (1970), do conceito de espraiamento progressivo e regressivo e do tratamento da nasalidade dentro da sílaba. O foco principal de análise é o espraiamento progressivo e regressivo da ressonância nasal, a partir dos três fonemas consonânticos nasais do português /m/, /n/ e // em palavras gramaticais e em palavras fonológicas. Para essa análise, foram considerados os aspectos intralinguísticos como ambiente fonético-fonológico, tonicidade, estrutura da sílaba, fronteiras de palavras, palavra fonológica e palavra gramatical. Tratamos da nasalidade nos diminutivos e aumentativos e, por fim, apresentamos algumas regras de nasalização progressiva e regressiva com base no modelo de traços de Chomsky e Halle (1968 apud MATZENAUER, 2005)

La présente étude porte sur les effets de la familiarité dans l’identification d’individus en situation de parade vocale. La parade vocale est une technique inspirée d’une procédure paralégale d’identification visuelle d’individus. Elle consiste en la présentation de plusieurs voix avec des aspects acoustiques similaires définis selon des critères reconnus dans la littérature. L’objectif principal de la présente étude était de déterminer si la familiarité d’une voix dans une parade vocale peut donner un haut taux d’identification correcte (> 99 %) de locuteurs. Cette étude est la première à quantifier le critère de familiarité entre l’identificateur et une personne associée à « une voix-cible » selon quatre paramètres liés aux contacts (communications) entre les individus, soit la récence du contact (à quand remonte la dernière rencontre avec l’individu), la durée et la fréquence moyenne du contact et la période pendant laquelle avaient lieu les contacts. Trois différentes parades vocales ont été élaborées, chacune contenant 10 voix d’hommes incluant une voix-cible pouvant être très familière; ce degré de familiarité a été établi selon un questionnaire. Les participants (identificateurs, n = 44) ont été sélectionnés selon leur niveau de familiarité avec la voix-cible. Toutes les voix étaient celles de locuteurs natifs du franco-québécois et toutes avaient des fréquences fondamentales moyennes similaires à la voix-cible (à un semi-ton près). Aussi, chaque parade vocale contenait des énoncés variant en longueur selon un nombre donné de syllabes (1, 4, 10, 18 syll.). Les résultats démontrent qu’en contrôlant le degré de familiarité et avec un énoncé de 4 syllabes ou plus, on obtient un taux d’identification avec une probabilité exacte d’erreur de p < 1 x 10-12. Ces taux d’identification dépassent ceux obtenus actuellement avec des systèmes automatisés. / The present study deals with the effects of familiarity on speaker identification in the context of voice line-ups. The voice line-up is a paralegal technique, inspired by a visual identification procedure. The voice line-up consists in presenting a number of voices sharing similar acoustic parameters as specified in established procedures. The main objective was to determine if the familiarity of a voice could lead to a high rate of correct identification (> 99 %). Our study is the first to quantify the familiarity criterion linking an identifier and a « target voice ». The quantification was based on four parameters bearing on the degree of contact between individuals: recency, frenquency, duration, and the period during which the contact occurred. Three different voice line-ups were elaborated, each containing 10 voices, including one target voice which was well known by the identifier according to a questionnaire that served to quantify familiarity. Participants (identifiers, n = 44) were selected on the basis of their familiarity with the target voice. The speakers used in the voice line-ups were native speakers of Quebec French and all presented voices had similar fundamental frequencies (to within one semitone). In each line-up we used utterances of 4 different lengths (1, 4, 10, and 18 syll.). The results show that by controlling the familiarity criterion, a correct identification rate of a 100 % is obtained with an exact error probability of p < 1 x 10-12.These rates are superior to current automatic systems of voice identification.