Syftet med studien var att studera hur fenomenet självläkning framställdes i nationell och internationell forskning. Studien omfattar tre frågeställningar: (1) Hur definieras alkoholmissbruk i artiklarna? (2) Hur definieras självläkning i artiklarna? (3) Hur framställs självläkningsprocessen i artiklarna? För att besvara dessa frågeställningar gjordes en selektiv kunskapsöversikt och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes som metod. Kunskapsöversikten utgjordes av tio forskningsdokument vilka omfattades av kvalitativa och kvantitativa undersökningar mellan åren 1996-2007. Studiens position är postmodern. Studiens resultat analyserades utifrån ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv. Resultatet visade att tillgång till olika personliga och sociala resurser främjade självläkningsprocessen. Resultatet visade också att innebörden av begreppen självläkning och alkoholmissbruk varierade och att det inte fanns någon enhetlig definition av dessa begrepp. De olika definitionsvariationerna resulterade i att innebörden av fenomenet självläkning blev otydlig. / The purpose of this paper was to study how the phenomenon natural recovery from alcohol misuse is presented in the national and international research. This paper includes three questions at issue: (1) How is alcohol misuse defined in the research documents? (2) How is natural recovery defined in the research documents? (3) How is the process of natural recovery presented in the research documents? To answer these questions a selective qualitative knowledge overview was made and a qualitative content analysis was used as research method. This research overview of knowledge is based on ten research documents including qualitative and quantitative studies conducted between 1996 – 2007. This study has a post modern approach and the results in this study were analyzed on the basis of social constructivist theory. Results showed that the process of natural recovery was promoted by access to personal and social resources. Results also showed that the meaning of the concepts natural recovery and alcohol misuse varied and that there was no uniform definition of these concepts. Due to the various forms of defining these concepts the meaning of the phenomenon natural recovery proved to be indistinct.

No description available.

This research investigated the natural recovery of upland boreal forest vegetation on a peat-mineral mix substrate in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta. Three sites, aged 26 to 34 years, were assessed to determine effects of substrate (pH, electrical conductivity, texture), topography, slope, aspect, hummock size, litter depth, tall shrub and tree stem densities, canopy cover, and tree ages on community composition and cover of upland boreal vegetation. Environmental variables that had the most influence on the plant communities were substrate texture (clay), tree canopy cover, and tall shrub stem density. The plant communities, which likely developed from early successional lowland communities, most closely approximate an upland boreal mixedwood forest in transition from an early to mid successional stage. Community development was concluded to be a product of measured environmental variables, with unmeasured factors such as propagule dispersal, germination conditions, and initial species composition also playing important roles. / Land Reclamation and Remediation

A Baixada Santista encontra-se na região central do litoral de São Paulo (23o55S). É um típico ambiente costeiro tropical dominado por extensos manguezais. Entretanto, vem sofrendo intenso processo de alteração ambiental devido a atividades industriais e portuárias, além da ausência de planejamento urbano. A fim de avaliar a capacidade de recomposição natural dos manguezais na Ilha Barnabé foram realizados estudos em bosque impactado por derramamento e combustão de produto químico (DCPD) em 1998, monitorando a recomposição natural da vegetação (2002-2007); a produção de serapilheira (2002-2007) e a microtopografia (2004 e 2008). Também foram analisadas fotografias aéreas em escala multitemporal (1962, 1972, 1994 e 2003) e a caracterização estrutural de bosques em diferentes estágios sucessionais. No bosque impactado por produto químico, a recomposição natural se mostrou eficaz, porém lenta; a produção de serapilheira apresentou valores crescentes ao longo dos anos com grande contribuição de propágulos deformados ou abortados e a microtopografia mostrou intensa dinâmica sedimentar. A análise das fotografias aéreas mostrou os diversos impactos ocorridos na região com formação de clareiras na vegetação e recomposição natural parcial. A caracterização estrutural dos bosques em diferentes estágios sucessionais mostrou que a recomposição natural dos manguezais da Ilha Barnabé apresenta um mosaico de características estruturais refletindo as diferentes intensidades e tipos de tensores que atuam na região. A metodologia utilizada mostrou-se adequada para avaliação da capacidade de recomposição natural de bosques de mangue. / The Baixada Santista and Santos Estuary are located in the central portion of the São Paulo State coastline (23º55\'S). It is a typical tropical coastal environment dominated by extensive mangroves areas despite the intensive harbor and heavy industrial activities, and their location within a continually evolving human landscape. The present study was developed in a mangrove area at Barnabé Island. In order to assess the natural recovery of the mangroves, a site impacted in 1998 by a DCPD (dicyclopentadiene) spill that was followed by a fire, natural recovery, litter fall and microtopography was monitored (2002-2008). Also was an analysed aerial photograph at Barnabé Island in multitemporal scale (1962, 1972, 1994 and 2003) and realized structural characterization in different successional stages mangroves stands. In a site impacted by a DCPD the recovery was successful but very low; in litter fall the values increasing in period and was observed propagule deformities and a intense sedimentary dynamics. The aerial photographs showed different impacts with gap creation and partial recovery process in some areas. Structural characterization in different successional stages mangroves stands showed zonation that reflects a gradient of stress. The methodology used appears adequate to describe and assess the capacity of natural recovery mangrove stands.

A Baixada Santista encontra-se na região central do litoral de São Paulo (23o55S). É um típico ambiente costeiro tropical dominado por extensos manguezais. Entretanto, vem sofrendo intenso processo de alteração ambiental devido a atividades industriais e portuárias, além da ausência de planejamento urbano. A fim de avaliar a capacidade de recomposição natural dos manguezais na Ilha Barnabé foram realizados estudos em bosque impactado por derramamento e combustão de produto químico (DCPD) em 1998, monitorando a recomposição natural da vegetação (2002-2007); a produção de serapilheira (2002-2007) e a microtopografia (2004 e 2008). Também foram analisadas fotografias aéreas em escala multitemporal (1962, 1972, 1994 e 2003) e a caracterização estrutural de bosques em diferentes estágios sucessionais. No bosque impactado por produto químico, a recomposição natural se mostrou eficaz, porém lenta; a produção de serapilheira apresentou valores crescentes ao longo dos anos com grande contribuição de propágulos deformados ou abortados e a microtopografia mostrou intensa dinâmica sedimentar. A análise das fotografias aéreas mostrou os diversos impactos ocorridos na região com formação de clareiras na vegetação e recomposição natural parcial. A caracterização estrutural dos bosques em diferentes estágios sucessionais mostrou que a recomposição natural dos manguezais da Ilha Barnabé apresenta um mosaico de características estruturais refletindo as diferentes intensidades e tipos de tensores que atuam na região. A metodologia utilizada mostrou-se adequada para avaliação da capacidade de recomposição natural de bosques de mangue. / The Baixada Santista and Santos Estuary are located in the central portion of the São Paulo State coastline (23º55\'S). It is a typical tropical coastal environment dominated by extensive mangroves areas despite the intensive harbor and heavy industrial activities, and their location within a continually evolving human landscape. The present study was developed in a mangrove area at Barnabé Island. In order to assess the natural recovery of the mangroves, a site impacted in 1998 by a DCPD (dicyclopentadiene) spill that was followed by a fire, natural recovery, litter fall and microtopography was monitored (2002-2008). Also was an analysed aerial photograph at Barnabé Island in multitemporal scale (1962, 1972, 1994 and 2003) and realized structural characterization in different successional stages mangroves stands. In a site impacted by a DCPD the recovery was successful but very low; in litter fall the values increasing in period and was observed propagule deformities and a intense sedimentary dynamics. The aerial photographs showed different impacts with gap creation and partial recovery process in some areas. Structural characterization in different successional stages mangroves stands showed zonation that reflects a gradient of stress. The methodology used appears adequate to describe and assess the capacity of natural recovery mangrove stands.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第22560号 / 地博第263号 / 新制||地||99(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 竹田 晋也, 教授 安藤 和雄, 准教授 古澤 拓郎, 准教授 小坂 康之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

This dissertation presents a computational multiscale framework for predicting behavioral tendencies related to human addiction. The research encompasses three main contributions. The first contribution presents a formal, heuristic, and exploratory framework to conduct interdisciplinary investigations about the neuropsychological, cognitive, behavioral, and recovery constituents of addiction. The second contribution proposes a computational framework to account for real-life recoveries that are not dependent on pharmaceutical, clinical, and counseling support. This exploration relies upon a combination of current biological beliefs together with unorthodox rehabilitation practices, such as meditation, and proposes a conjecture regarding possible cognitive mechanisms involved in the recovery process. Further elaboration of this investigation leads on to the third contribution, which introduces a computational hypothesis for exploring the allostatic theory of addiction. A person engaging in drug consumption is likely to encounter mood deterioration and eventually to suffer the loss of a reasonable functional state (e.g., experience depression). The allostatic theory describes how the consumption of abusive substances modifies the brain's reward system by means of two mechanisms which aim to viably maintain the functional state of an addict. The first mechanism is initiated in the reward system itself, whereas the second might originate in the endocrine system or elsewhere. The proposed computational hypothesis indicates that the first mechanism can explain the functional stabilization of the addict, whereas the second mechanism is a candidate for a source of possible recovery. The formal arguments presented in this dissertation are illustrated by simulations which delineate archetypal patterns of human behavior toward drug consumption: escalation of use and influence of conventional and alternative rehabilitation treatments. Results obtained from this computational framework encourage an integrative approach to drug rehabilitation therapies which combine conventional therapies with alternative practices to achieve higher rates of consumption cessation and lower rates of relapse.

No description available.

Most gamblers never experience addiction and the majority of those who do eventually recover. This thesis investigates how most maintain control over their gambling and how the majority of those who do experience gambling addiction regain control. Findings are based on 25 qualitative semi-structured interviews with participants who fit one of three ideal-type groups: (i) gamblers who have never experienced addiction; (ii) gamblers who have regained control after experience of gambling addiction; and (iii) gamblers experiencing addiction at time of interview. Participants were recruited who had never engaged in formal treatment because existing research suggests most who experience gambling addiction and/or recovery never to do so. This study is underpinned by a synthesis of Bourdieusian theory and Foucauldian-inspired governmentality literature which was used to guide the thesis and help explain gambling behaviour. Taking a Foucauldian genealogical approach, the dominant theory of addiction as a biomedical disorder is critiqued and revealed to be myth. Instead, (gambling) addiction is demonstrated to be a social construction which becomes embodied within individuals and thereby influences gambling behaviour. Consequentially, it is shown that research concerning substance use is applicable to the investigation of gambling behaviours. Given paucity of gambling research, substance-related literature is drawn upon throughout the thesis. Attention is given to research demonstrating regulation over drug use to be influenced by the social settings in which consumption takes place as well as the wider social and cultural milieus in which the lives of actors are embedded. Moreover, particular appreciation is given to literature indicating recovery from addiction to be supported by shifts in socio-cultural milieu. In contrast to most existing addictions/gambling research, the agential capacities of gamblers to shape their own behaviours, albeit in ways heavily constrained by context (or ‘structure’) are emphasised throughout the thesis. Data revealed various gambling-related strategies to help constrain gambling and minimise harm. These are examined and it is recommended that this knowledge could be used to aid development of more effective ‘harm-reduction’ style interventions and policies in ways which support less harmful patterns of gambling behaviour. However, although valuable, those with greater control tended to rely little on such strategies to manage their gambling. Instead, greater control over gambling and recovery from gambling addiction was found to have less to do with how participants gamble (e.g. whether or not they followed harm-reduction strategies) and far more to do with the wider, non-gambling-related, aspects of their lives and the nature of their subjectivities/dispositions. Principally influential were found to be the qualities of interviewees’ socio-cultural milieus. Alongside gambling, those with greater control tended to participate in non-gambling-related communities with attendant ways of thinking and cultural expectations (values/norms) that marginalise (heavier) gambling. Drawing on Bourdieusian and Foucauldian governmentality theory, it is argued that, because of their day-to-day participation in such communities/milieus, those with greater control embody mentalities and expectations which discourage riskier gambling behaviour. This, in turn, results in more ‘prudential’ subjectivities which discourage problematic gambling behaviour. Participants who had experienced recovery and many of those who had never experienced addiction revealed long-term reductions in gambling behaviour. Findings suggested these reductions (as well as recovery) to be supported by social and cultural processes, occurring over the life-course, which encourage increased participation in more ‘conventional’ life/milieus and thereby promote alterations in subjectivities in ways more conducive to control. A dual approach to discouraging problematic gambling behaviour is recommended. Although it is important to promote ‘safer’ ways of gambling (e.g. through promotion of harm-reduction style interventions and by designing gambling environments in ways to support greater constraint), it is also imperative to support the development of lives/milieus and subjectivities more conducive to control (e.g. participation in ‘conventional’ life and access to resources required to do so).

Les risques de dégradation physique des sols forestiers sous l'effet de contraintes mécaniques externes liées à la mécanisation des opérations forestières, augmentent considérablement. Les mécanismes et le temps nécessaires à la restauration non assistée de la qualité des sols forestiers tassés restent encore peu étudiés, et leur identification nécessite de coupler les approches physiques, chimiques et biologiques. L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier l'impact de la circulation d'un porteur forestier sur les conditions de l'enracinement (aération, régime hydrique et pénétrabilité) ainsi que son évolution à court terme. Ce travail s'appuie sur l'observation de deux sites expérimentaux mis en place dans le Nord Est de la France, concernant des sols de morphologie similaire (couche limono-argileuse de 50 cm d'épaisseur reposant sur un substrat argileux) et ayant subi des contraintes identiques. Des paramètres physiques (température et humidité du sol, densité apparente et résistance à la pénétration) et chimiques (composition de l'atmosphère du sol) ont été suivis pendant trois à quatre ans, à des fréquences allant d'un pas de temps quotidien à annuel. Le suivi du climat du sol et de la composition de son atmosphère a mis en évidence une diminution forte des conditions aérobies pendant un à un an et demi après le passage du porteur. Cet effet initial sur l'aération du sol a diminué subitement dès l'apparition de la première période de sécheresse édaphique, probablement grâce à la formation de fissures dans l'horizon de surface du sol tassé. Cependant un effet significatif du traitement sur la composition de l'atmosphère du sol pouvait toujours être observé trois à quatre ans après tassement. Pour suivre l'évolution des propriétés physiques du sol après circulation du porteur, il a été nécessaire d'opérer une normalisation par rapport à l'humidité au moment du prélèvement. Trois ou quatre ans après la circulation du porteur, une différence toujours significative existe entre les propriétés physiques des sols témoins et celles des sols tassés. Cependant une évolution de l'impact du porteur peut être mise en évidence dans la couche de surface (0–10 cm) des deux sites. Ce début de restauration se traduit, sur un des deux sites, par une différence entre traitement qui n'est plus significative quand les sols sont humides mais qui l'est encore quand les sols sont secs. Sur le deuxième site, cette différence a diminué quelle que ce soit l'humidité du sol. Ainsi, le début de régénération de la structure du sol perturbé ne s'accompagne pas d'une disparition de son comportement de prise en masse lors de son desséchement sur un des deux sites. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence une évolution des conséquences du porteur en surface du sol tassé qui serait liée à des processus physiques (gonflement –retrait, gel – dégel). Cependant, l'impact sur les conditions de l'enracinement (forte résistance à la pénétration quand les sols sont secs, faible aération quand ils sont humides) reste élevé de même que sur la résilience à long terme du peuplement. / Soil compaction belongs to the major treats to soil quality with no exceptions of forest ecosystems where the frequency and intensity of loads application increase since several decades. The mechanisms and the duration of soil quality recovery following heavy traffic in forests remain poorly documented and their study requires multidisciplinary approaches.The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of forwarder traffic on the potential constraints to roots growth (aeration, water content, and penetrability) growing in two forest soils sensitive to compaction, and the evolution of these consequences in the short-term. This work is based on two experimental sites, set up in the northeast of France, with soils displaying similar morphologies (50 cm thick silt loam layer laying on a clayey layer) and having being loaded with the same forwarder under similar (wet) soil conditions. Soil climate (temperature and moisture), soil air composition, and soil bulk density and resistance to penetration were investigated continuously, monthly and yearly, respectively. Soil climate and air composition monitoring showed a strong initial decrease in aerobic conditions lasting one to one and a half year. The strong initial impact on soil aeration decreased concurrently with the first soil drought experimented at both sites, probably because of soil cracks formation in the disturbed soil. Yet heavy traffic still affected significantly soil air composition 3 to 4 years after compaction at both sites. To monitor changes in soil physical parameters, we had to standardize measures with regards to soil climatic conditions at the time of sampling. Three to four years after soil compaction, the difference in soil physical properties between treatments was still significant. However, changes in the impact of the forwarder traffic on soil physical characteristics could be stated in the surface layer (0–10 cm) of both sites. This beginning of soil restoration results at one of both sites in a difference between treatments that is no longer significant when soils are wet but that is still significant when the soils are dry. At the second site, the difference is still significant whatever soil moisture conditions but it has decreased since the start of the experiment. Consequently, this beginning of soil structure recovery is not accompanied by a disappearance of the hardsetting behaviour (decrease in hydrostructural stability) of the compacted soil at one site. In this study changes in the consequences of the forwarder traffic were stated in the surface soil layers of both sites, these changes may be due to physical processes (wetting – drying, freezing – thawing). Nevertheless, the impact remains strong on roots growth (high resistance to penetration when dry, poor gas transfer when wet) and on stand resilience to external stresses (drought, storm).